Glencore Case Study - 1524 Words

Glencore, Xstrata and the Restructuring of the Global Copper Mining Industry in 2012 Diana Alvarez Valencia (1310200) University Canada West Dr. Paul Rome MGMT 661 Strategic Management Tuesday, May 12, 2015 Introduction and Problem Identification In this case study we will identify the problems that can be issued in the process of the merger between two of the largest commodities traders in the world, Glencore and Xstrata. It will provide the background of both companies, the situation analysis, identification of alternatives Companies Background. Glencore had been a trading company since their early years with the name of Marc Rich Co. Glencore, was founded by March Rich; Rich was a consummate dealmaker, doing business†¦show more content†¦In a global environment commodity industry, Glencore and Xstrata tried to find the best strategy to become more competitive and create a big successful billion company. For that reason, the merge between these two big companies was created. However, there are different problems that can be faced at the moment of the mergers; in the case of Glencore and Xstrata merge, the problem that I this paper will focus is the integration difficulties between these two companies – disparate corporate cultures including unethical practices-. Some of the integration challenges might include: Melding two disparate corporate cultures, Linking different financial and control systems, Building effective working relationships (different managers styles), Resolving problems regarding the status of the newly acquired firm’s executives, Loss of key personnel weakens the acquired firm’s capabilities and reduces its value. (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2013). Situation Analysis. The global mining industry becomes more consolidated increasingly and the major players in the industry were choosing as a growth strategy the mergers with different mining companies that can leverage their competitive advantages upon their competitors. The main competitors in the cooper production were : Codelco, BHP Billion, Freeport- McMoRan, Xstrata and Rio Tinto. (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2013).Show MoreRelatedGlencore, Xstrata and the Restructuring of the Global Copper Mining Industry1524 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Glencore, Xstrata and the Restructuring of the Global Copper Mining Industry in 2012 Diana Alvarez Valencia (1310200) University Canada West Dr. Paul Rome MGMT 661 Strategic Management Tuesday, May 12, 2015 Introduction and Problem Identification In this case study we will identify the problems that can be issued in the process of the merger between two of the largest commodities traders in the world, Glencore and Xstrata. It will provide the background of both companies, the situationRead MoreInternational Trade Has Dramatically Increased Globalization Of The World Economy2649 Words   |  11 Pagesthese affiliate considering their assets. In some instances like that of the Ghanaian affiliate, the loans were seven times the equity capital. In another report, ActionAid accused Glencore of dodging taxes of up to US$76 million in Zambia from its copper mining activities (ActionAid, 2012). The report accuses Glencore of selling copper mined from its Mopani mines in Zambia to its Swiss affiliate at prices below the market prices and thus reducing its taxable profits in Zambia. In Kenya, Jorgen LevinRead MoreRelationship Between Board Size And Firm Performance2172 Words   |  9 PagesResults The results found in this study suggest that some of the relationships found during the literature review can be confirmed. For example, the literature states that smaller boards of directors reduce the coordination problems that lead to improved firm performance relative to larger boards of directors (Kini et al, 1995; Yermack, 1996; Eisenberg et al, 1998). This study found significant empirical evidence with the sample of FTSE 100 companies that this is the case which supports these findingsRead MoreMerger and Acquisition: Current Issues115629 Words   |  463 Pagesprice too far? The acquisition of Howard Smith Ltd by Wesfarmers Ltd 3.4 Financial analysis 27 27 31 33 35 vii viii CONTENTS 3.5 3.6 Assessment of the transaction Conclusion 38 40 4 An Essay on the History of a Merger: The Case of the National Bank of Canada Raymond Thà ©oret and Franà §ois-Éric Racicot 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Introduction The structures of the two merged banks The new merged bank A low P/E ratio for the stock of national bank Conclusion 42 42 43 50 53 54

Analysis Of `` The Chrysanthemums `` And Chopin s `` The...

Oppressiveness of Marriage Steinbeck’s â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† and Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† show their reader two women stifled in the lives they lead. Specifically, the institution of marriage has left them feeling oppressed in irrevocable ways. In each story, the woman is presented with a moment of release, only to have it dashed shortly thereafter. While â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† features a smaller moment, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† allows the reader to examine how this oppression can affect a woman when taken to its extreme. Both stories offer a view of how the institution of marriage can lead to oppression in ways that are not always obvious. Both â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† begin with protagonists clearly suffering from the oppression they feel in their marriage. It is the boredom and lack of purpose that both feel which drive them to their unhappiness. To start, Steinbeck’s Elisa All en, is shown caring for flowers as her husband works. She has a talent with them and is given the chance to foster that talent, though she seems to no longer find it rewarding. The author wrote, â€Å"The chrysanthemum stems seemed too small and easy for her energy† (Steinbeck). Elisa has drive and determination with no rewarding outlet, which leads to her frustration. Chopin’s Mrs. Mallard suffers from oppression too, though the reader is given less information about her. Her condition is more acute her health affected in ways Elisa’s is not. Mrs. Mallard is

How does Priestley convey his message, We are responsible for each other, in his play An Inspector Calls Essay Example For Students

How does Priestley convey his message, We are responsible for each other, in his play An Inspector Calls Essay An Inspector calls was written in 1945 but was set in 1912 a period still known as the Edwardian era. The Edwardian era was regarded nostalgically as the last period of security and stability before the horror of World War I. As the play was set after World War I and II, the audiences would know of the deprivation, hardships and bereavements of the two wars. However, at the start of the play Priestley manipulates his audience into being taken back into 1912 to a time of peace, stability and luxuries. Priestley does this by the naturalistic setting of the play which is established clearly in the stage directions. However, the Edwardian era contained, Cracks. Priestley exposes a complacency which ignored clues and hints to the future upheaval were overlooked and ignored. These cracks can be seen in the Birling family even though the family appears to be strong and secure, tensions soon become apparent. Priestley manipulates this false security to raise the dramatic force of his play. Just as he reveals the smug complacency of the Birlings to be false through dramatic irony, he also lures his audience into this complacency by means of his naturalistic set and sense of nostalgia. Around the world tensions were building as the German empire was being established, which established the fear of German domination lead France to ally herself with Russia, this led Germany to ally with the Austro-Hungarian Empire. During this time Britain was undecided whether to join in or not however, later on joined the Franco- Russian alliance to form the triple Entende. Britain joined the alliance as Germany began expanding her navy trying to compete with Britains navy. However, even though Britain joined the French and the Russian Britain ignored the obvious signs of conflict because of the conflicts in the Balkans the Start of the war came by the assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand the heir to the Austro Hungarian Empire. Priestley uses the family as a microcosm of the global arena. Just as the obvious signs of disaster were ignored in Europe, so tensions in the Birling family are ignored. While the rest of the family are phased with themselves Birling is pompous in his oratory and celebrating the engagement of his daughter that could mean he becomes richer by the merging of rival companies, and Shelia is very pleased with life, Eric we are told, is not quite at ease. Mrs Birling is her husbands social superior. These signs are obvious to the audience, but ignored by the family on stage the implication that disaster will occur. In Greek tragedy, mortals exhibited hubris a great fall or tragedy would ensue. When man exhibits overwhelming pride, for example naming a ship after the God Titan, he is exhibiting hubris and that tragedy is inevitable. So when Birling, in his pride and arrogance repeatedly declares that the Titanic is unsinkable absolutely unsinkable. This suggestion tells us that unhappiness if not tragedy will strike the family. Priestley was a socialist, but had trouble settling down to the policies of any one particular political party. His socialism can be said to be based on compassion and caring for others. Coming from a working class background himself, he feels compassion for the factory workers who are exploited by industrialists such as Arthur Birling. The opening stage directions of the play indicate a naturalistic set so the audience is drawn into the seeming stability of the Edwardian era. An example is the dining room a fairly large suburban house with good solid furniture sustained and very comfortable. However there are subtle signs of cracks and tensions the room is not cosy and homelike. .u28c99402eed3f81b7a26ee94326b7a5f , .u28c99402eed3f81b7a26ee94326b7a5f .postImageUrl , .u28c99402eed3f81b7a26ee94326b7a5f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u28c99402eed3f81b7a26ee94326b7a5f , .u28c99402eed3f81b7a26ee94326b7a5f:hover , .u28c99402eed3f81b7a26ee94326b7a5f:visited , .u28c99402eed3f81b7a26ee94326b7a5f:active { border:0!important; } .u28c99402eed3f81b7a26ee94326b7a5f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u28c99402eed3f81b7a26ee94326b7a5f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u28c99402eed3f81b7a26ee94326b7a5f:active , .u28c99402eed3f81b7a26ee94326b7a5f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u28c99402eed3f81b7a26ee94326b7a5f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u28c99402eed3f81b7a26ee94326b7a5f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u28c99402eed3f81b7a26ee94326b7a5f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u28c99402eed3f81b7a26ee94326b7a5f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u28c99402eed3f81b7a26ee94326b7a5f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u28c99402eed3f81b7a26ee94326b7a5f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u28c99402eed3f81b7a26ee94326b7a5f .u28c99402eed3f81b7a26ee94326b7a5f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u28c99402eed3f81b7a26ee94326b7a5f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Devils Carousel EssayThis sense of complacency is reinforced by the lighting, as the lighting should be pink and intimate until the inspector arrives and then the lighting should change to be harder and brighter. The pink lighting used to describe the intimacy could also suggest a blindness to reality, seeing the world through rose tinted spectacles. The brighter and harder lighting when the inspector arrives gives a sense of being in a police interrogation room. Both the characters and the audience will have their consciences interrogated. Priestley uses the effect of the opening line of the play said by Arthur Birling Giving us the port Edna? Thats right. to convey immediately the ghastliness of class consciousness This conveys Birlings condescending superior attitude to the working class. Priestley suggests that Ednas situation is that she is that dependant on her employment; if she lost her job she would probably end up in a work house. Her submissive, subservient attitude is articulated in her monosyllabic reply yes maam Priestley invites us into disliking Birling intensely Arthur Birling throughout the play is conveyed as a hard headed man of business who will exploit people to make a profit by his ruthlessness and greed. Birling is also very pleased that his daughter is marrying Gerald Croft because he has the opportunity to merge businesses with Gerald Crofts father, which means more profits. The ideology of Arthur Birling is one that is based on greed; as he and Gerald work for lower costs and higher prices. Birling stands for everything Priestley despises: lack of compassion, greed and selfishness. Priestley uses the contrast between Birling and the inspector to reinforce his message of compassion. The inspector speaks for Priestley expressing the ideology of compassion for others. The inspector speaks in first person plural we our includes everyone to emit a sense of togetherness. Mrs Birlings ideology is different to her husbands but still is as callous and heartless. Priestley conveys Mrs. Birling as a class conscious person who only cares for herself and her social status. Throughout the play she remains oblivious to any wrong doing she has done and only wants to say her side of the story without any interruptions and anyone elses opinions are put down with backhanded and snide remarks. Mrs Birling has a prejudice nature which comes from her despising the lower classes and the desire of upholding her respectability in the upper class community. Mrs Birling unlike her husband was born into an upper class family instead of having to work her way up through society and business like her husband did. However, contradictory to her husbands upbringing and early life her views on lower class people are that they are vermin who live in their own filth and squalor, who will never achieve anything of significance, but be stuck in a dead end job for the remainder of their life. Her views on the lower class highlight her contradictory nature and arrogance about the lower class. Priestley sets the play in the fictional industrial city of Brumley. Brumley is probably typical of many towns where the factory owners, who provided much-needed employment, were able to run their businesses exactly as they wanted to. The number of women who are poor and in need of help is indicated by the existence of the Brumley Womens Charity Organisation. Such organisations, which relied upon the financial support of rich people, were frequently found in large industrial towns and cities during the Victorian and Edwardian periods. It is interesting that whether someone received help depended on whether the women like Mrs Birling thought that they deserved help or whether they deserved to suffer. Throughout the play priestly aims to convey the message We are all responsible for each other. .u0fc276d136d3d7de352a275cd777ed61 , .u0fc276d136d3d7de352a275cd777ed61 .postImageUrl , .u0fc276d136d3d7de352a275cd777ed61 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0fc276d136d3d7de352a275cd777ed61 , .u0fc276d136d3d7de352a275cd777ed61:hover , .u0fc276d136d3d7de352a275cd777ed61:visited , .u0fc276d136d3d7de352a275cd777ed61:active { border:0!important; } .u0fc276d136d3d7de352a275cd777ed61 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0fc276d136d3d7de352a275cd777ed61 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0fc276d136d3d7de352a275cd777ed61:active , .u0fc276d136d3d7de352a275cd777ed61:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0fc276d136d3d7de352a275cd777ed61 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0fc276d136d3d7de352a275cd777ed61 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0fc276d136d3d7de352a275cd777ed61 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0fc276d136d3d7de352a275cd777ed61 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0fc276d136d3d7de352a275cd777ed61:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0fc276d136d3d7de352a275cd777ed61 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0fc276d136d3d7de352a275cd777ed61 .u0fc276d136d3d7de352a275cd777ed61-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0fc276d136d3d7de352a275cd777ed61:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The end of the play EssayPriestly tries to with this message warn of the dangers of complacency and self satisfaction and smugness that we all need to learn from our mistakes. The audience watching this play would understand how important it is not to be greedy but be as one by supporting each other, creating a sense of unity instead of exploiting people or treating other classes differently. During both wars there was no class division there was just togetherness and the aim of destroying an enemy who threatens peace and freedom. Without the wars families like the Birlings would have gone on exploiting and stereotyping working class people.

Women and Beauty

Beauty has been a subject of discussion for a long time. However, the debate has climaxed in the twentieth and the twenty first century. Although the word has been defined differently, it generally means qualities or sum of qualities that give pleasure to senses. That basically means that any quality or characteristics of an individual which is pleasurable can be defined as beauty. More often than not, beauty is linked to women’s characteristics. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Women and Beauty specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, most women have become obsessed with it and they do all in their power not only to look attractive, but also beautiful. Since it has been mostly linked to outside characteristics, there are lots of beauty products in the market meant to improve the aesthetic value of women. Sontag is one writer who has written on the issue of women and beauty in one of her essays Ã¢â‚¬Ë œA woman’s Beauty: Put Down or Power Source?’ She discusses the plight of women in the contemporary society in relation to beauty. More specifically; Sontag discuses some sensitive issues concerning women and beauty. For instance, on the section of Put Down or Power Source, Sontag explores the responsibility of men on women’s obsession to beauty. In addition, the author still seeks to explain the extent women are responsible for the same. With that background in mind, this essay shall discuss the summary of Sontag’s essay and argue on the issue of responsibility of men and women towards women’s obsession on beauty. Although Sontag has generally spoken on beauty, there are numerous themes which have been discussed concerning the same. Sontag majors on explaining on the difference between intrinsic beauty and the outward appearance. The author points out that it is possible to find a beautiful woman walking in the streets but the same woman may lac k some important characteristics that can add to her goodness. However, Sontag is not all against beauty especially in women. She explains that it is the duty of women to maintain their beauty. Nevertheless, Sontag describes a different way of maintaining beauty apart from talking care of the outside appearance. She says that someone can add more to beauty by working hard in career and also in other areas like the business (DiYanni pp. 332).Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sontag compares different perspective of beauty in the contemporary society with the historical perspective. For instance, she considers Greeks who were knowledgeable on various issues and maintained that intrinsic characteristics were more valuable than outward characteristics. For example, Plato who was a renowned philosopher was not beautiful on the outside but was still attractive due to the knowledge he possessed. In addition, Sontag mentions that early Christians did not value outside beauty compared to the current Christians who condone even some beauty products like use of perfumes. In the contemporary society, women are faced with a great need to appear beautiful. The condition has lowered their status because compared to men; they are viewed as people who care more about their outside looks other than being concerned about their real identity. According to Sontag, women’s concern about their looks just signifies lack of power. The fact that the society has made women to view themselves as objects of pleasure makes them to be come anxious about their looks and that is why they are always strive to measure up to the standards of the society. Sontag points out the main difference between men and women in relation to beauty. Although men contribute to the women’s obsession on beauty, they are more confident and sure of themselves. Most importantly, their beauty doe s not emanate from outside looks but to their overall characteristics. Sontag ends her essay by a call on women to distance from beauty and instead concentrate more on feminine characteristics like gentleness, and being humble which are equally attractive. No one can negate the fact that women currently are obsessed with beauty. The availability of wide range of beauty products in the market is a clear indication of the extent of women’s obsession on beauty. Apart from that, women are even going for plastic surgery to change their outlook, to look more beautiful and to maintain their youthful skin. It is quite unfortunate for women because as Sontag says, the society views them as objects that are valued for how they look rather than for who they are. More often than not, women are treated as objects of pleasure. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Women and Beauty specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instan ce, many magazines and movies as well as advertisements use women’s beauty and their body parts to achieve their objectives. Therefore, beauty is trivializing women and there is little they can do about it since society has socialized them to believe the same (DiYanni, 26 331). At this point, the main question is who is to blame for this trap of beauty that women have gotten in to. First and foremost, women have a great need of being appreciated. Therefore, their effort to beautify themselves is for the sole purpose of attracting men’s attention. Moreover, men are visual beings and are mostly attracted to what they see. As a result, women have no opinion other than to do all in their power to attract the attention of men. As much as men are to blame to some extent due for women’s obsession on beauty, there is a high probability that the problem is caused by some inborn characteristic of women. As Sontag has illustrated, there is a difference between women and men. For instance, men are more confident compared to women and they may not need to exaggerate their outside appearance. It is also possible that women and men view beauty differently. Interviews which have been conducted on men indicate that men value characteristic such as being happy and healthy. Therefore, it is possible that it is women’s outlook on beauty that makes them to spend a lot of time on make ups and fail to work on the inner characteristics. On the other hand, men consider inner beauty more and that is why they are more committed on improving such characteristics. For that reason, it is possible that, the plight of women on beauty in the contemporary society is a problem of their own making and has little or nothing to do with men. Beauty is defined differently in on different cultures of the world. However, it is important to note that due the emergence of a global culture which has been accelerated by globalization, there are similarities on some ideas co ncerning beauty. Since the American culture is considered superior to other cultures, it has proliferated to almost all parts of the world. Nevertheless, there are still some notable differences. Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In some continents like Africa, plump women are considered to be more beautiful compared to United States where a beautiful woman has to be tall and slender. In most cases, although women have a role to play, men are chief determinants of women’s obsession on beauty since in almost all communities; women are always aimed at pleasing men. Therefore, as it is the case in United States, men have contributed greatly to women obsession on beauty. Beauty as it is often defined as an attribute that is not only admirable, but also good and pleasurable. It ought to be cultivated by everyone in the society, men and women equally. Nonetheless, as Sontag has illustrated in her essay, the idea of beauty has become a trap, not only for women but also men. Currently, outside beauty is carrying more weight than intrinsic beauty which is equally important. The issue is accounting to the current issue of women putting on more makeup to change their appearance. The role of women in the societ y as wives and mothers contribute greatly to the women’s obsession on beauty as they are only more concerned on how they look rather than on their intrinsic value. Therefore, it will not be an understatement to conclude that the society which includes men and women, has contributed greatly to the plight of women as well as to their obsession on beauty. Works Cited DiYanni, Robert. Fifty great essays. New York : Pearson/Longman, 2004. This essay on Women and Beauty was written and submitted by user Andy H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Korea During the Colonial Period

Korea became a colony under Japan in August 1910 and freed itself later in 1945. This was when Japan lost in World War II. Japan was defeated mainly as a result of powerful nations which supported South Korea. However, as will be discussed in this paper, there were some positive aspects that were drawn from the rule. For instance, one of these developments was the massive transformation of education.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Korea During the Colonial Period specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is imperative to note that the latter injected significant insight on how Koreans would engage themselves both in economic and political development of their country. It is also worthy to note that the history of Korean colonialization did not start in 1910. Rather, it commenced way back at the onset of the century with numerous debates and treaties. In addition, the history and synopsis of Korean colonization is stil l important in the history of the world bearing in mind that it later shaped global political history of the major powers as they are known today. Most importantly, Japan rule in Korea set the course for World War II with Japan being on one side and America and its close allies on the other alliance. This paper explores pre-colonial period that culminated to Korean colonization, events that marked resistance to colonial aggression from Japanese rule, economic exploitation as well as the significance of this rule. Pre-colonial period The history of Korean colonialization did not start in August 1910. While the annexing of Korea was done in 1910 by employing of Annexation Treaty, it was declared a Japanese protectorate from 1905 through the Eulsa Treaty. According to Heo and Roehrig (9), this treaty was as a result of coercing of Korean authorities by the government of Tokyo. Additionally, this was the treaty that helped establish Japanese protectorate in Korea and as well formalized control of peninsula by Japan (Heo Roehrig 9). Before then, there was the Ganghwa treaty which gave Japan some interest to involve itself in Korea issue. The latter took place during Joseon era. This may be a clear indication that before the close of 1910, there was sufficient history on how Korea had formally became a Japanese protectorate. Indeed, historians believe that the control of the land started way back and as early as 1876.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Colonial period This period was historically documented to be between 29th August 1910 and 15th August 1945 meaning it was approximately 35 years of rule. The Japan rule in Korea started with what was known as the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty of the year 1910. It was a way of finalizing the Japanese control over the Korean nation. This aspect was significantly preceded over by numerous efforts such as the Japan-Korea Protoco l of the year 1904. Kang (2) observes that the colonial period could be categorized into three periods. These were subjugation period, the cultural accommodation period and the assimilation period. The following is an analysis of the three periods and details of events that took place during each of the period. The dark age of subjugation (1910-1919) In a period of about nine years after Korea became Japanese Protectorate, harsh realities dawned on Koreans. Instead of helping Koreans to overcome their difficulties in the due process of building their country, the Japanese authorities and mostly the military descended upon the natives. They were later turned into slaves. According to Kang (2), this period can best be characterized by the rule of the military with was mostly violent and full of threats. It all started in 1910 when Japan took over until the year 1919. Peterson and Margulies (141) underscore that this period could best be described to be that of military rule. This defi nition results from heavy military operation that was characterized by harsh operations. There was little that could be associated with democratic rule during this Dark Age period, actually it is the military rule that helped Japan establishes its strong presence in the country (Peterson Margulies 142). Cultural accommodation (1920-1931) This period can be regarded as a positive era in Korean history as it allowed unrestricted operations of businesses, media reporting and management of free schools. The best way to describe this period was that it was an era whereby educational change in the country was permitted. This left an indelible mark in the history of Korea. Indeed, the impact can still be felt until today. This was seen more of a response to the criticism that was leveled against the colony characterized by harsh rule. The aim was to ease down some tension among the Korean people by reducing some of the restrictive policies that had been established during the entire perio d of colonial rule. Moreover, this period was termed as the conciliatory reform era largely due to the fact that it brought in some positive changes like education, economic revival and political participation. Assimilation period (1931-1945) This period is also referred to as the compulsory integration period. It came after the dissolution of Korean empire or the Korean royalty that had dominated for centuries. According to Robinson (44), the assimilation policy was a long term goal only to be ended by the defeat of Japan by Western powers. This program had become an urgent policy to the Japanese who were trying to bring in their history, culture and language into Korea.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Korea During the Colonial Period specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It was achieved in a kind of movement that was supposed to create powerful or imperial citizens. As Robinson (45) documents, the failure to effect this program was occasioned by massive and huge volumes of studies that Japan colony tried to introduce in Korea. As a matter of fact, the Korean people could not have absorbed and embraced every detail immediately bearing in mind that the Japanese colony had instituted it as an urgent measure. In essence, if this had succeeded, Japan would have permanently established itself as part of Korean culture, and more so, the Korean culture would have been absorbed by the mamoth education policy that had been introduced. Characteristics of the colonial period Other than the three periods that characterized the colonial era, there were other aspects that were significant in defining this rule. To start with, there was little that could be termed to be positive during the entire colonial period and autocratic rule. For example, soon after the treaty of 1910, Japan changed its course and introduced military dictatorship. Yoder (71) sums it all by noting that during the 35 years rule, Koreans were made worthless and only second to Japanese citizens. This took place despite the fact that the colony was in foreign land; a case scenario that could be termed as a contravention of the general rule of respect. In essence, some of the Korean people went to Japan to be laborers, and one of the biggest migrations was just at the outset of World War II (Yoder 71). Therefore, there was little that could be celebrated by Korean nation. Some of the characteristics of the colonial period included economic exploitation, education change, oppression, cultural genocide, the Second World War and eventually, the pursuit for Korean Freedom. Economic exploitation Korea became Japanese protectorate through a treaty with the main aim of assisting the country rebuild itself. However, Japan took over the mandate to exploit the economic prospects of the country through measures such as land utilization. Initially, this measure was seen as the overall means of helping the country. However, as it turned out later, the economic gains only benefited the Japanese. There is a divided concern for the rule when it comes to economic exploitation. Some view the rule has having helped Korea as a country overcome many obstacles. However, others view it as a real exploitation for selfish gain. Some of the positive reviews are that during the rule, electricity was a common facility. In fact, Seoul was to become the first city in the whole of East Asia to enjoy certain unique privileges.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, even after all these developments, the agricultural economy remained backward and it seemed that Japan was only doing so to improve its economy. As noted by Pirie (61), Japan was merely attempting to put together the Korean economy with that of Japan, perhaps with a view of creating a Japanese economic empire. As late as 1930s, the economy of Korea had not recovered and was basically typical of an underdeveloped country. Education change Before Japan came to Korea, Korea had a stable education system and was regarded to be improving swiftly. It was important since the 14th century and could have improved tremendously had it got just boosts. When Japan came, the colony she introduced her own education system and mostly brought volumes of Japanese studies. There are positive and negative impacts; positive in the sense that Japan helped introduce education of a higher status in the country. However, this education only helped to establish Japan as a world power capable of colo nizing a country. Most of what was taught was Japanese culture, archaeologies and general philosophy from the Japanese ideologies. A positive note is that numerous schools were established and which have remained as important in the country up to the present. In addition, the education for the Korean population has helped the country have more political participation and consciousness. Some of these schools were established by the Christian missionaries who to some extent, helped introduce western style. Oppression in land related issues The first thing that the Japanese did upon taking over Korean was to embark on surveying the land. The main aim was to consolidate their colonial system in economic terms. Much of the emphasis was laid on the administrative resources, the civilian police and mobilization of the military. The land survey was carried out despite the fact that Korea had done these survey years early. Real-estate owners were forced to make reports about their lands and were given ultimatum to do so. This is contravention of the general rule of respect for one another, and most importantly, since Korea was the host country, it should have been allowed to govern its own land. This survey took eight years and cost 20,400,000 yen, and the result was laying of the foundation for large scale expropriation of the country. In the process, some of the companies which had been established in Korea before the coming of Japan were impeded from developing. The resultants were rapid development of Japanese investments in critical industries crippling Korean industries. Cultural genocide By definition, genocide is a erosion of something in mass; for example, mass killings are regarded as genocide. In this therefore, cultural genocide is when culture of a region is eroded in mass and introduction of foreign values, practices, beliefs and norms. This part looks at the erosion of Korean culture and introduction of a foreign Japanese Culture. As discussed in the pap er, some of the issues that were brought forward by the three periods of Japan rule were assimilation, education and language studies. The fact that the assimilation, teaching of Japan language and general education were done by the Japanese, the Korean culture was eroded. In effect, the Japanese culture was introduced, and therefore brings in a concept of cultural genocide. This means that the Korean culture was changed to help establish the Japanese culture in Japan. The World War II and Korean freedom Lockard (647) reiterates that Korea was transformed into a colony of Japan and was harshly exploited. However, this suppression ended with World War II with the western nations fighting Japan. Eventually, Korea became free in 15th August 1945, the same year World War II ended. Therefore, there is a huge link between World War II and the eventual freedom that was attained by Korea. Japan used some Koreans as soldiers in the war where they were drafted into the army of Japan. When Jap an was defeated by the western allies, Korea achieved its independence, and even though it remains as painful to the Koreans, at least the country was given a chance to rebuild itself. The significance of the colonial period Dudden (64) underscores that at the onset that the colonial period was illegal since Japan deviated from the original master plan. It hid the intended policies and introduced its own measures in as far as colonization was concerned. However, this period and its culmination into World War II had some significance not only to Korea, but also to the western world. It has been argued that the ultimate winner of the World War II was United States of America and its allies. Up to the present day, United States has remained a super power and it was praised for its military strength that defeated Japan. Furthermore, several Africans affiliated to American army participated in the war, and therefore, it was an important undertaking since it set the right course for other colonies to follow suit. To recap it all, it is worthy to reiterate that in most instances, colonial periods have often been documented as eras of economic exploitation of host country by respective colonies. Nonetheless, the beginning of Japanese colonization in Korea was through some treaties, the important one being the treaty tat was crafted in 1910. This paper has offered succinct analysis of Korea during colonization period sues of this colonial period alongside its relative importance to global history. Works Cited Dudden, Alexis. Japan’s colonization of Korea: Discourse and power. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, 2006. Heo, Uk Terence, Roehrig. South Korea since 1980. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Kang, Hildi. Under the black umbrella: Voices from colonial Korea, 1910-1945. New York: Cornell University Press, 2001. Lockard, Craig. Societies, Networks, and Transitions: Volume 3. Belmont: CengageBrain learning, 2010. Peterson, Mark Philip Margulies. A brief history of Korea. New York: InfoBase publishing, 2010. Pirie, Iain. The Korean development state: From dirigisme to neo-liberalism. New York: Routledge publisher, 2008. Robinson, Michael. Korea’s twentieth-century odyssey. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, 2007. Yoder, Robert. Deviance and inequality in Japan: Japanese youth and foreign migrants. Bristol: The Policy Press, 2011. This essay on Korea During the Colonial Period was written and submitted by user Derrick Price to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ditchdigger daughter essays

Ditchdigger daughter essays  ¡Ã‚ °Along the young people ¡Ã‚ ¯s path ¡ In The Ditchdigger ¡Ã‚ ¯s Daughters by Yvonne S. Thornton, Thornton portrays the factors in life that young people take through writing about her family. Mr. Thornton, who starts out his family with nothing, raises a total of six children successfully. He works two full-time jobs both day and night to support his family. Though possessing an unusual manner of teaching and guiding his daughters, Thornton nevertheless succeeds. Yvonne, Thornton ¡Ã‚ ¯s third daughter, becomes a doctor. After establishing her career, Yvonne writes the book The Ditchdigger ¡Ã‚ ¯s Daughters. According to Mr. Thornton,  ¡Ã‚ °When you ¡Ã‚ ¯re grown, this society is gonna look at you as an ugly black female...But you are not light, so studyin ¡Ã‚ ¯ is the only way I can see you gettin ¡Ã‚ ¯ ahead of this ¡(34). The conversation between Mr. Thornton and his daughters takes place in this quote. As a result of his daughters being black females, Thornton believes that the daughters have to study in order to reach their goals. Mr. Thornton aids in Yvonne becoming a doctor. From The Ditchdigger ¡Ã‚ ¯s Daughters, the reader learns that there are three factors that affect the path to which young people take in life. One of the factors is that there was prejudice in the 1950 ¡Ã‚ ¯s. The Thornton family is black, which causes them to experience prejudice. Mr. Thornton has one job as a ditchdigger for a day and one more job for the night. Yet he has six children including one child that he adopts. From this background of the family, his daughters receive pressure that they have to be successful when they grow up. Their grades from school proves that they worked hard by receiving all A ¡Ã‚ ¯s. Because they spend most of their time on doing homework and studying, the daughters find playing musical instruments as hobbies. By taking lessons from professionals, they show talent through music. Further on in the novel, the daughters c...

You Decide ... It's a memorandum Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You Decide ... It's a memorandum - Coursework Example An anencephalic infant has been born in the hospital. It is evident to medically aware community that no anencephalic baby would live for long as this is a condition when the baby is born without a considerable portion of scalp, skull and brain. This condition is caused by the cephalic head end of the neural tube failing to close during pregnancy. But this child was born with a small stem of brain. Hence, she could not be declared brain dead legally. The law of this state does not permit declaring a person brain dead, if the person had even a partly functioning brain. The infant was kept on ventilator as at that time the metabolic functions of her body were working to an extent. The doctors could convince the parents of the child about the non retrievable condition of the baby and they agreed to donate her heart for the treatment of an infant who had a critical heart condition. That infant too was admitted in this hospital. The issue of legal compliance remained. Waiting for this pro blem to be resolved, could have a consequence of loosing an opportunity to save the life of the second infant as well. It was in this painful dilemma that I found myself. There was also the tissue type matching to be done to find out whether the second infant’s body would accept the heart from the body of the first infant. Tissue type matching could be carried out successfully only if tissues are retrieved from the donor within 24 hours of the stopping of heart beat. So, waiting for the heart to cease beating naturally would reduce the chances of conducting a successful tissue type matching. Though the parents of the child were supportive of the decision that I wanted to take, some relatives had a different opinion owing to some religious considerations. According to their religion, death can be accepted only when the heart beat stops, they said. But as John Stuart Mill (2007, pp.78) has rightly put, I believe that, â€Å"the sentiment of justice appears to me to be, the animal

Research Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Research Final Project - Essay Example The sampling technique used in this research is simple sampling. This helps in random collection of samples leading to impartial conclusion as it is easy. On the other hand, the research design used various data techniques such interviews, tape recording and internet sources to determine a number of issues. For instance, the citizens affected by crimes perpetrated by the immigrants and the number of illegal immigrants in the country. Illegal Immigrants and Crime Introduction The problem of illegal immigrants in the US has continued to pose a threat to its citizens in terms of many factors. These include scrambling for scarce resources and engaging in various crimes. For instance, these immigrants engage in murderous activities, robberies, burglaries, and even rape cases. These people who do not have adequate protection of the American law also scramble for the limited hospital services, public schools and the strained local budget. For instance, during the 2007 findings involving the crime rate of the illegal immigrants, it was found that out of 100 cases, 73 illegal immigrants had a chance of repeating a crime. Different reports also say that illegal immigrants who had been previously jailed can easily get back to jail (Pollock, 2011). Hypothesis H1: Illegal immigrants are the main cause of rising crime in most states of America. H2: The law is to wholly blame for the influx of illegal immigrants in America who compete for the limited resources in the US and resort to crime. Core objective The core objective of this research will be to determine if there is a link between rising crimes in most American neighborhoods with the increase of illegal immigrants. Specific Objectives 1. To determine the presence of crimes in different neighborhoods in America. 2. To determine the rate of these crimes. 3. To evaluate the number of illegal immigrants infiltrating into the country. 4. To determine the link between a relaxed police system at the border and the rise of ill egal immigrants who commit crimes. Limitations To accurately measure the rate of crimes among illegal immigrants is a challenging due to their secretive identities. This is because most of these immigrants do not report anything to the police. Another problem is the integrity of the officers at the border system. Some of them illegally smuggle immigrants into the country hence complicating the real number of illegal immigrants. Independent and dependent variables The independent variable in this paper is the rise of illegal immigrants in the US. Alternatively, the dependent variable is the rate of hate crimes among these illegal immigrants in the US. Background and Literature Review Crime experts and sociologists define hate crime as a felony that has a motivation from racial, prejudice or sexual drives and it is associated with acts of violence. These crimes have been mostly perpetrated by illegal immigrants who enter into the country through various borders in Texas, Mexico, Calif ornia and other porous border points (Maxfield, Michael & Earl 2006). These people are known to bully, harass, intimidate and apply other forms of hate crimes that have adverse effects on their victims. These include physical and psychological pains that interfere with the basic rights of the victim. According to Rivera, the existence of illegal immigr

Answer questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Answer questions - Assignment Example secured loans such as account receivables, freezing accounts of the business, placing a lien on property owned, in addition to filing a legal suit may well be recommended avenues to collect such loans. The law often prohibits creditors from taking/seizing certain types of properties. Such include collective family equity, furniture, and clothes. As such, first right to property with many interest involved fgalls to the collective owners other than the lender to a specific individual borower. A spouse and/or child cut out of a will can contest the will in a court of law. Such cases can be successful if the established laws or rules in a given state regarding family property are on their side. A prenuptial agreement only affect a will to the extent that its conflict with the terms of the will. One can donate part of her/his property through a written devise -- a gift of property made in a will. A lien is but a legal claim against the assets of a noncompliant taxpayer. If one receives an insurance policy with property tax lien, I file a "withdrawal" notice, notifying the public that I am not competing with other creditors for my property. Application for the Lien Withdrawal is also applicable for income tax lien. Easement is usually part of the deal and does need to be mentioned. For a mortgage and a mechanic lien, virtually impossible for you to sell a property with them, a law suit against such will be quite in order. Property lines are determined through a number of ways such as thorough checking of deed, visiting local assessors’ office for maps on the same or simply visiting the assessors’ official website for the same. One can also hire a surveyor to do the same work. Should problems be found, an agreement with the neighbors can as well resolve any issues arising from the

The US Hotel Chain Marriott

The US Hotel Chain Marriott U.S. hotel chain Marriott International is one of the largest transnational corporations in the world. According to the corporations data, every fourth tourist in America stays in Marriott International hotels. Rapidly spreading its influence in the world, Marriott sets the goal to win and retain the leading position in the hotel market, showing a special concern with respect to the guests, business partners, employees and society as a whole. The business of Marriott Corporation is built on fundamental ideals of service provided to customers, employees and society. These ideals are perpetual, unique and make the company a successful manager, being the cornerstone for all employees of the company. In this section, the main study focus is on the data of exploratory research conducted with the purpose of identifying current practices of Marriott International under the conditions of globalization and the impact of globalization on Marriotts sales, marketing, HR, and brand positioning approaches, while outlining the main advantages Marriott international within this context. History of Marriott International, Inc. The history of this hotel corporation is a vivid example of the embodiment of the American dream traditional for several generations of U.S. citizens. Thousands of now flourishing companies started their long journey to success just like Marriott. In May 1927, a 26-year-old man from Utah, John Marriott and his wife opened the eatery for nine seats in Washington. Johns lucky fortune and business skills helped him to survive the collapse of the U.S. economy during the Great Depression in the late thirties he was already the owner of a regional restaurant chain The Shoppe Inc. and the eponymous company specialized in the delivery of hot meals for passengers of local airlines. John Marriott acquired his first hotel in 1957. It was called the Twin Bridges Marriott Motor Hotel, and was located in Arlington (Virginia). John wanted to create a family business and eventually handed over the management of the company to his son. Marriott Jr. conducted business as thoroughly as his father did (Marriott and Brown, 1997). In 1964 the company was renamed as Marriott Corporation. The Corporation expressed interest in everything that was associated with restaurant and hotel business, and when in 1977 the sales revenues of enterprises in which Marriott had a franchise crossed one billion dollars, John Marriott Jr. realized that the property management brings no less benefits than its owning. The Corporation developed its own concept of hotel network with a limited set of services by the end of the 80s and actively operated in three sectors of the hotel market in the U.S.: managing the network of hotels with full service (Marriott suites), inexpensive hotels (Residence Inn) and a network of cheap motels (Fairfield Inn) (Marriott and Brown, 1997; OBrien, 1995). In the early 90s, Marriott Corp. had only a few dozen hotels outside the U.S.A. Based on the principles of diversification, kept by the most of the major companies in the world (in other words: Dont put all your eggs in one basket), in 1993 the corporation was split into two companies: Marriott International (hotel and real estate management) and Host Marriott (real estate transactions and food delivery). That moment laid the beginning of the active promotion of Marriott International in the international market as the management company (Marriott and Brown, 1997). At the moment, Marriott International Corporation has more than 3500 lodging properties located in the U.S. and in 69 other countries around the world (2010), employing 137,000 people (Marriott International Company Profile, 2010). Table 2.1. Marriott International Hotel Brands and Property Count (December 2009- December- 2010) Marriott-12-31-10-Hotel-Count-global Globalization Strategies and Practices Marriott controls more than half a million hotel rooms worldwide, while owning only 0,3% of them. Half of the remaining rooms is a franchise. This means that hotel owners allocate 5% to 6% of their incomes to Marriott as a fee for using the companys name as well as for using rooms reservation system. Marriott manages the other half of hotel rooms by charging the owners of the hotel fee for providing this service (Boo, Hillard and Jin, 2010). Acting as an operator, Marriott takes about 65% of income, paying out from this sum the expenses for salaries, utilities, insurance, and purchase of food. 29% of revenue goes to the owner of the hotel. Of this amount, he pays property taxes and mortgage rates, and the rest (if any) he counts to his earnings. Even though some people may be disgruntled and demonize Marriott, the company still has much to be proud of: 55% Marriott hotel owners would like their next hotel to be run by this company (Jang and Tang, 2009). Brand and the Marriott reservation system are worth it. Regional offices Marriot Inc. include (Table 2.2.; Table 2.3.): North America (NALO) Asia, Pacific, Australia (APA) The Caribbean, Latin America (CABL) United Kingdom, Ireland, Middle East, Africa (UKIMEA) Continental Europe (CE) Central Europe (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) Western and Southern Europe (France, Belgium, Holland, Spain, Italy, Greece, etc.) Eastern Europe (Russia, Armenia, Georgia, Poland, Czech Republic, Romania, Hungary, Kazakhstan). Marriott International manages and provides franchise of hotels under the brands of Renaissance, Marriott, JW Marriott, Ritz-Carlton, Residence Inn, Courtyard, TownePlace Suites, Fairfield Inn, SpringHill Suites and Ramada International; the company develops and operates resorts in the vacation ownership under the brands of Marriott Vacation Club International, The Ritz-Carlton Club, Horizons and Marriott Grand Residence Club; it offers apartments in Marriott Executive Apartments, provides furnished corporate suites Marriott ExecuStay and operates conference centers (Table 2.4.). Smith Travel Research data state that raising a Marriott flag in the front of a big hotel offering a full range of hotel services increases its sales by 13% if compared to sales of a hotel with the flag of, for example, Doubletree. Virtually all other Marriott divisions from luxury Ritz-Carlton to a commonly accessible Residence Inn are ahead of their competitors in the indicator of hotel room income by 10% to 30% (A problem shared, 2005). Product Brand Position The components of Marriotts corporate style are a company logo, colors, fonts, letterhead, website, brand perfumes and accessories. Marriott logo is a rectangle with an image of a sphere the inscription Marriott itself, designed in two basic colors: white and cherry, and golden. A well-established and recognizable corporate style is the key to Marriott brand promotion in the global market. For example, when developing a program to promote a network of hotels in Moscow, Marriott used the corporate logo and brand image, which is the image of the famous Faberge Easter eggs, which embodies prestige, luxury, and very high consumer value, comparable only with the works of the most expensive and fashionable jeweler. For example, Marriott Tverskaya has as its symbol a stylized gold Faberge egg, Marriott Grand 5 *- the blue one, and Marriott Royal 5 * luxury the scarlet one. Such approach to corporate style creation can be described as very competent and thoughtful. Relying on the widely popular historical and cultural brands and using countrys national colors, the company certainly enhances the image component of hotel marketing, combining high international standards of service with the national peculiarities of a country and its hospitality traditions (ONeill and Mattila, 2004). Moreover, in each room of Marriott hotel chain there are branded forms for letters and branded pens with the hotel name. The rooms use brand linens, and brand aromatic policy of Marriott hotels. Recently, with the development of Internet and e-mail correspondence, the issue of corporate style of electronic documents has become very topical. Web site today is the first thing that a potential guest sees, and it can help to quickly create an impression about the level of the hotel, the service, room rates, to estimate the location and walk through rooms, restaurants, lounge, as well as to book a room (OConnor, 2008). Marriott Corporation owns over 3500 hotels, and for conveniency there is a single site from which one can get to the site of any hotel of the network in the world. Moreover, the web-sites of the hotels are designed in the same style and structure. Color differences depend on the brand. The common brand Marriott Hotels, Resorts Suites unites many brands, each with its own color scheme: for example, Courtyard by Marriott has a green color palette. Site structure is common for all hotels (photo tour, guest rooms in details, hotel proposals, hotel background information, restaurants and halls, city guide, maps and transport, events plan, Marriott Rewards program, hotels fact-sheet in print format). The web-site is the embodiment of Marriott corporate style and world-class service. Currently, Marriott is included in top 10 international hotel chains and actively moves to the top through expanding its franchise contracts and promoting high level of service and corporate style. Sales Marketing The major instrument of the company is the fact that a very small percentage of real estate the company manages factually belongs to it. In 1993, Marriott transferred all of its buildings and most of the debt on the balance of the investment real estate subsidiary Host Marriott, headed by the younger brother of Bill Marriott, while Hilton and Starwood, in contrast, own 30% of hotels under their control. Since Marriott receives a fee for hotel management, vacant hotel rooms bring fewer losses to it than to the owners, who have to clear the mortgage (A problem shared, 2005). Another component of the success of Marriott is the attention to details. For instance, the rules for cleaning a hotel room set in Marriott include 66 points. The company also shares the aroma marketing approach. Generally, Marriott with great zeal is looking for new clients and opportunities to open new hotels. Taking into account different groups of clients and their material resources, the network is developing a variety of brands, increasing the amount of service (Table 2.4.): Marriott Hotels and Resorts hotels with full service, managed through a franchise or independently. Renaissance Hotels and Resorts hotels offering full-service accommodation facilities for business travelers, vacationers. Marriott Conference Centers full service hotels for conferences and meetings. Courtyard by Marriott division responsible for a hotel chain with relatively low prices. Fairfield Inn by Marriott division responsible for economy class hotel chain. SpringHill Suites division responsible for the chain of secondary and higher-class hotels targeted at business and leisure travelers, especially women and children. Residence Inn by Marriott leader in the segment of the long stay hotels. TownePlace Suites division responsible for long stay hotel chain with relatively low prices. Marriott ExecuStay business unit that provides accommodation facilities for 1 month or more. Marriott Executive Apartments division that provides accommodation for business visitors for a period of more than 30 days. Marriott Vacation Club International division applying timeshare system; a guest can purchase a week off at the hotel of this class. The system includes 38 exclusive resorts. Ritz-Carlton leading hotel brand in the segment of luxury hotels. The innovative approach that accelerated the development of Marriott, Inc., was also the bonus program for customers, launched in 1983, which now serves as the element of Marriotts corporate style. Thanks to Marriott Rewards, Marriott Corporation has an opportunity to acquire more permanent guests of the Marriott chain. Marriott Rewards program encourages customers for giving preference to Marriott International and its partners, rewarding them for the choice of hotels of the network (Dubà © and Renaghan, 1999). The participant of Marriott Rewards receives certain points or miles that can be used as payment for accommodation (special certificates) in the hotels of the network or as a discount for buying airline tickets (applied to miles). Points can be used for free accommodation, purchasing discounted packet services around the world, including domestic air transport services, car rental, cruises, etc. Such programs later started to be introduced by other network hospitality compan ies, but the scheme, devised by Marriott, remains the best one: maximum discount combined the highest luxury. Human Resources Every corporate culture is an element of corporate style. Marriotts corporate culture was founded in 1927 and is being kept till this day: The better the company will treat its employees, the better employees will treat customers. Big corporations like Marriott, offer a high service level in many countries around the world. To make all the employees regardless of their nationality and educational level meet the high standards of the corporation, they should be trained in order to improve their skills. The key to training efficiency in Marriott is its perception as a corporate value which is consistent with the main strategy of the company. A continuous training helps to guarantee high quality service, comply with the companys strict standards, motivate and retain employees, creating staff reserve. Continuous training is also the only way to keep abreast with the changes occurring today and be prepared to their growing pace (Hinkin and Tracey, 2010; Katzenbach, 2000). Every year, Marriott celebrates the anniversary of its foundation (May 20) selecting a certain week for it to express the companys gratitude to the employees who are the members of a huge international family Marriott. Advertising and promotion program Marriott Rewards is also a very important part of every employee in the Marriott Corporation. Considering the case of hotel chain Marriott International, it should be noted that in a business famous for its high rates of revenues, Marriott is outstandingly competent at preserving talented managers, which is reflected in low satisfaction gap (Figure 2.2.) (Hinkin and Tracey, 2010). One of the ways to do that is a specific program that trains managers to solve business situations preparing and encouraging them to seek for promotions to top management positions. Advantages of Marriott, Inc over Competition in terms of Globalization Marriott International Hotels have the loading of 10% above the average in the global hospitality industry, while hotel rooms are sold at higher rates than those of direct competitors (Table 2.5). The advantage in the loading percentage and selling prices is achieved by providing individual and group customers more services than they can get anywhere else. Booking of hotel rooms in the companys hotels is conducted through its own global distribution system (GDS) or via the Internet. Moreover, the system uses the technology of guest recognition of hotels of all brands of the company, and rewards programs for repeat customers. In 1999, the company expended its use of the so-called quality assurance teams, assisting companies to implement advanced network management practices and reduce costs (Dubà © and Renaghan, 1999). On a whole, Figure 2.3 shows the positive dynamics in RevPAR data for North America Marriott properties for the five fiscal years 2004 -2008 with a peak in 2007: Figure 2.3. 2004-2008 RevPAR data for Marriot International (North America) Figure 2 Conclusion Marriott dominates in the market for one simple reason: it is successful in managing hotels worldwide. The hotel managed by Marriott becomes a large hotel with restaurants, shops and business center, room service, in-line and butlers. All hotels of the chain are characterized by the same service, which is based on a clear interaction between all structures and maintained tight control by the head office. Marriott International mission states that the corporation aims to become the best company in the fields of accommodation and services in the world due to the fact that its employees are seeking to provide their customers the best possible services, resulting in benefits for the companys shareholders. In recent years, Marriott International has shown a positive dynamics of development and continues to rapidly spread the chain all over the globe on the basis of franchise contracts. This practice, along with innovative approach to global hotel marketing, Marriott Rewards program, guest recognition technologies, high level of personnel training and constantly increasing level of service, helps Marriott International stay in the top five hotels chains globally.

Food Web Diagram

Mojave Desert Organisms * Planate (Vegetation) – Brittle Bush, California Juniper, Creosote Bush, Common Saltbush, Joshua Tree, Mojave Aster, and Triangle-leaf Bursage * Animalia (Animals) – Mammals include coyote, desert bighorn sheep, desert kit fox, spotted skunk, spotted bat, black-tailed jackrabbit, ground squirrels, kangaroo rat and white-footed mouse. Birds include eagles, hawks, owls, quail, roadrunners, finches, warblers and orioles. Reptiles include desert (Gopher Tortoise), several species of rattlesnakes and chuckwalla lizard * Micro-organisms – Fungi (penicillium), monera (mycorrhizae, lichens, azotobacter and streptomycetes, mycoplasmas, and cyanobacteria) Coyote Canus latrans * Organs are essentially the same as humans with minor adaptations * Lungs are bigger for more oxygen intake while being active * The part of the brain referred to as the â€Å"lizard brain† is slightly larger than that of a normal human * Unlike humans, they can digest raw meat with no negative side effects * Their metabolisms are faster They have a Jacobson’s organ that gives scent information to the brain The Roadrunner Geococcyx californianus * Reabsorbs water from feces and excretes excess salt through a nasal gland * Will extract water from its lizard prey * Reduces activity 50% during the heat of midday P C D Desert Food Chains Food chains allow us to examine the basics of how energy passes through an ecosys tem. Producer | Consumer | Predator | A food chain is sequence of plants, herbivores and carnivores, through which energy and materials move within an ecosystem. Food chains are usually short and not more than three or four links. They usually consist of a producer, a consumer and a predator, with the predator being the top of the food chain. The top of the desert food chain does eventually die though, and is returned to the bottom of the chain as nutrients by decomposers. Typical Desert Food Chains Mountain Lion Mule Deer Plant (forbs)| Coyote Quail Plant (shrub seeds)| Snakes Lizards Insects Plant (wildflower/grass | Hawk Snakes Rats Plant (seeds)| Typical Desert Food Pyramid Tertiary Consumers Carnivores These are high level consumers, carnivores that will eat other carnivores. Secondary Consumers Small Carnivores The predators are the secondary consumers. They occupy the third trophic level. Again we see cold-blooded animals, such as snakes, insect-eating lizards, and tarantulas. Only about 2 Kilocalories per square meter per year are stored in their bodies. In the harsher desert environments, they are the top predators. Primary Consumers Herbivores These animals are usually small and eat little. Many are insects, or reptiles, who are cold blooded and who use less energy to maintain their bodies than mammals and birds do. As food for predators, they provide about 20 Kilocalories per square meter per year for predators. Including: Ants and other insects, rats and mice, some reptiles the largest of which are the tortoise and chuckwalla. Primary Producers Plants These are plants that make food through photosynthesis. Limited by the availability of water, they produce fewer than 200 Kilocalories of food for the animals for each square meter each year. Including: Trees, shrubs, cactus, wildflowers, grasses Primary Producers: is occupied by the primary producers-plants. Plants produce energy from photosynthesis. Plants produce energy to use for survival, growth and to store when production resources are not available. Primary Consumers: Primary consumers are the animals that eat the plants. These animals, including insects, mammals, such as the desert pocket mouse, food is consumed and converted to energy. References Blue Planet Biomes. (2011). Mojave Desert. Retrieved from http://www. blueplanet Biomes. org/mojave_desert. htm Desert Wildlife. (2011). Digital-Desert. Retrieved from http://digital-desert. com/wildlife/ coyote. html Google. (2011). Google Images. Retrieved from http://www. google. com/imagres? q=†¦

A Brief History of Hci

A Brief History of Human Computer Interaction Technology Brad A. Myers Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science Technical Report CMU-CS-96-163 and Human Computer Interaction Institute Technical Report CMU-HCII-96-103 December, 1996 Please cite this work as: Brad A. Myers. â€Å"A Brief History of Human Computer Interaction Technology. † ACM interactions. Vol. 5, no. 2, March, 1998. pp. 44-54. Human Computer Interaction Institute School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3891 [email  protected] gp. s. cmu. edu Abstract This article summarizes the historical development of major advances in human-computer interaction technology, emphasizing the pivotal role of university research in the advancement of the field. Copyright (c) 1996 — Carnegie Mellon University A short excerpt from this article appeared as part of â€Å"Strategic Directions in Human Computer Interaction,† edited by Brad Myers, Jim Hollan, Isabel Cruz, A CM Computing Surveys, 28(4), December 1996 This research was partially sponsored by NCCOSC under Contract No. N66001-94-C-6037, Arpa Order No. B326 and partially by NSF under grant number IRI-9319969. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of NCCOSC or the U. S. Government. Keywords: Human Computer Interaction, History, User Interfaces, Interaction Techniques. [pic] 1. Introduction Research in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has been spectacularly uccessful, and has fundamentally changed computing. Just one example is the ubiquitous graphical interface used by Microsoft Windows 95, which is based on the Macintosh, which is based on work at Xerox PARC, which in turn is based on early research at the Stanford Research Laboratory (now SRI) and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Another example is that virtually all software written today employs user interface toolkits and interface builders, concepts which were developed first at universities. Even the spectacular growth of the World-Wide Web is a direct result of HCI research: applying hypertext technology to browsers allows one to traverse a link across the world with a click of the mouse. Interface improvements more than anything else has triggered this explosive growth. Furthermore, the research that will lead to the user interfaces for the computers of tomorrow is happening at universities and a few corporate research labs. This paper tries to briefly summarize many of the important research developments in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) technology. By â€Å"research,† I mean exploratory work at universities and government and corporate research labs (such as Xerox PARC) that is not directly related to products. By â€Å"HCI technology,† I am referring to the computer side of HCI. A companion article on the history of the â€Å"human side,† discussing the contributions from psychology, design, human factors and ergonomics would also be appropriate. A motivation for this article is to overcome the mistaken impression that much of the important work in Human-Computer Interaction occurred in industry, and if university research in Human-Computer Interaction is not supported, then industry will just carry on anyway. This is simply not true. This paper tries to show that many of the most famous HCI successes developed by companies are deeply rooted in university research. In fact, virtually all of today's major interface styles and applications have had significant influence from research at universities and labs, often with government funding. To illustrate this, this paper lists the funding sources of some of the major advances. Without this research, many of the advances in the field of HCI would probably not have taken place, and as a consequence, the user interfaces of commercial products would be far more difficult to use and learn than they are today. As described by Stu Card: â€Å"Government funding of advanced human-computer interaction technologies built the intellectual capital and trained the research teams for pioneer systems that, over a period of 25 years, revolutionized how people interact with computers. Industrial research laboratories at the corporate level in Xerox, IBM, AT&T, and others played a strong role in developing this technology and bringing it into a form suitable for the commercial arena. † [6, p. 162]). Figure 1 shows time lines for some of the technologies discussed in this article. Of course, a deeper analysis would reveal much interaction between the university, corporate research and commercial activity streams. It is important to appreciate that years of research are involved in creating and making these technologies ready for widespread use. The same will be true for the HCI technologies that will provide the interfaces of tomorrow. It is clearly impossible to list every system and source in a paper of this scope, but I have tried to represent the earliest and most influential systems. Although there are a number of other surveys of HCI topics (see, for example [1] [10] [33] [38]), none cover as many aspects as this one, or try to be as comprehensive in finding the original influences. Another useful resource is the video â€Å"All The Widgets,† which shows the historical progression of a number of user interface ideas [25]. The technologies covered in this paper include fundamental interaction styles like direct manipulation, the mouse pointing device, and windows; several important kinds of application areas, such as drawing, text editing and spreadsheets; the technologies that will likely have the biggest impact on interfaces of the future, such as gesture recognition, multimedia, and 3D; and the technologies used to create interfaces using the other technologies, such as user interface management systems, toolkits, and interface builders. [pic] [pic] Figure 1: Approximate time lines showing where work was performed on some major technologies discussed in this article. [pic] 2. Basic Interactions †¢ Direct Manipulation of graphical objects: The now ubiquitous direct manipulation interface, where visible objects on the screen are directly manipulated with a pointing device, was first demonstrated by Ivan Sutherland in Sketchpad [44], which was his 1963 MIT PhD thesis. SketchPad supported the manipulation of objects using a light-pen, including grabbing objects, moving them, changing size, and using constraints. It contained the seeds of myriad important interface ideas. The system was built at Lincoln Labs with support from the Air Force and NSF. William Newman's Reaction Handler [30], created at Imperial College, London (1966-67) provided direct manipulation of graphics, and introduced â€Å"Light Handles,† a form of graphical potentiometer, that was probably the first â€Å"widget. † Another early system was AMBIT/G (implemented at MIT's Lincoln Labs, 1968, ARPA funded). It employed, among other interface techniques, iconic representations, gesture recognition, dynamic menus with items selected using a pointing device, selection of icons by pointing, and moded and mode-free styles of interaction. David Canfield Smith coined the term â€Å"icons† in his 1975 Stanford PhD thesis on Pygmalion [41] (funded by ARPA and NIMH) and Smith later popularized icons as one of the chief designers of the Xerox Star [42]. Many of the interaction techniques popular in direct manipulation interfaces, such as how objects and text are selected, opened, and manipulated, were researched at Xerox PARC in the 1970's. In particular, the idea of â€Å"WYSIWYG† (what you see is what you get) originated there with systems such as the Bravo text editor and the Draw drawing program [10] The concept of direct manipulation interfaces for everyone was envisioned by Alan Kay of Xerox PARC in a 1977 article about the â€Å"Dynabook† [16]. The first commercial systems to make extensive use of Direct Manipulation were the Xerox Star (1981) [42], the Apple Lisa (1982) [51] and Macintosh (1984) [52]. Ben Shneiderman at the University of Maryland coined the term â€Å"Direct Manipulation† in 1982 and identified the components and gave psychological foundations [40]. The Mouse: The mouse was developed at Stanford Research Laboratory (now SRI) in 1965 as part of the NLS project (funding from ARPA, NASA, and Rome ADC) [9] to be a cheap replacement for light-pens, which had been used at least since 1954 [10, p. 68]. Many of the current uses of the mouse were demonstrated by Doug Engelbart as par t of NLS in a movie created in 1968 [8]. The mouse was then made famous as a practical input device by Xerox PARC in the 1970's. It first appeared commercially as part of the Xerox Star (1981), the Three Rivers Computer Company's PERQ (1981) [23], the Apple Lisa (1982), and Apple Macintosh (1984). Windows: Multiple tiled windows were demonstrated in Engelbart's NLS in 1968 [8]. Early research at Stanford on systems like COPILOT (1974) [46] and at MIT with the EMACS text editor (1974) [43] also demonstrated tiled windows. Alan Kay proposed the idea of overlapping windows in his 1969 University of Utah PhD thesis [15] and they first appeared in 1974 in his Smalltalk system [11] at Xerox PARC, and soon after in the InterLisp system [47]. Some of the first commercial uses of windows were on Lisp Machines Inc. (LMI) and Symbolics Lisp Machines (1979), which grew out of MIT AI Lab projects. The Cedar Window Manager from Xerox PARC was the first major tiled window manager (1981) [45], followed soon by the Andrew window manager [32] by Carnegie Mellon University's Information Technology Center (1983, funded by IBM). The main commercial systems popularizing windows were the Xerox Star (1981), the Apple Lisa (1982), and most importantly the Apple Macintosh (1984). The early versions of the Star and Microsoft Windows were tiled, but eventually they supported overlapping windows like the Lisa and Macintosh. The X Window System, a current international standard, was developed at MIT in 1984 [39]. For a survey of window managers, see [24]. 3. Application Types †¢ Drawing programs: Much of the current technology was demonstrated in Sutherland's 1963 Sketchpad system. The use of a mouse for graphics was demonstrated in NLS (1965). In 1968 Ken Pulfer and Grant Bechthold at the National Research Council of Canada built a mouse out of wood patterned after Engelbart's and used it with a key-frame animation system to draw all the frames of a movie. A subsequent movie, â€Å"Hunger† in 1971 won a number of awards, and was drawn using a tablet instead of the mouse (funding by the National Film Board of Canada) [3]. William Newman's Markup (1975) was the first drawing program for Xerox PARC's Alto, followed shortly by Patrick Baudelaire's Draw which added handling of lines and curves [10, p. 326]. The first computer painting program was probably Dick Shoup's â€Å"Superpaint† at PARC (1974-75). †¢ Text Editing: In 1962 at the Stanford Research Lab, Engelbart proposed, and later implemented, a word processor with automatic word wrap, search and replace, user-definable macros, scrolling text, and commands to move, copy, and delete characters, words, or blocks of text. Stanford's TVEdit (1965) was one of the first CRT-based display editors that was widely used [48]. The Hypertext Editing System [50, p. 108] from Brown University had screen editing and formatting of arbitrary-sized strings with a lightpen in 1967 (funding from IBM). NLS demonstrated mouse-based editing in 1968. TECO from MIT was an early screen-editor (1967) and EMACS [43] developed from it in 1974. Xerox PARC's Bravo [10, p. 284] was the first WYSIWYG editor-formatter (1974). It was designed by Butler Lampson and Charles Simonyi who had started working on these concepts around 1970 while at Berkeley. The first commercial WYSIWYG editors were the Star, LisaWrite and then MacWrite. For a survey of text editors, see [22] [50, p. 108]. †¢ Spreadsheets: The initial spreadsheet was VisiCalc which was developed by Frankston and Bricklin (1977-8) for the Apple II while they were students at MIT and the Harvard Business School. The solver was based on a dependency-directed backtracking algorithm by Sussman and Stallman at the MIT AI Lab. †¢ HyperText: The idea for hypertext (where documents are linked to related documents) is credited to Vannevar Bush's famous MEMEX idea from 1945 [4]. Ted Nelson coined the term â€Å"hypertext† in 1965 [29]. Engelbart's NLS system [8] at the Stanford Research Laboratories in 1965 made extensive use of linking (funding from ARPA, NASA, and Rome ADC). The â€Å"NLS Journal† [10, p. 212] was one of the first on-line journals, and it included full linking of articles (1970). The Hypertext Editing System, jointly designed by Andy van Dam, Ted Nelson, and two students at Brown University (funding from IBM) was distributed extensively [49]. The University of Vermont's PROMIS (1976) was the first Hypertext system released to the user community. It was used to link patient and patient care information at the University of Vermont's medical center. The ZOG project (1977) from CMU was another early hypertext system, and was funded by ONR and DARPA [36]. Ben Shneiderman's Hyperties was the first system where highlighted items in the text could be clicked on to go to other pages (1983, Univ. of Maryland) [17]. HyperCard from Apple (1988) significantly helped to bring the idea to a wide audience. There have been many other hypertext systems through the years. Tim Berners-Lee used the hypertext idea to create the World Wide Web in 1990 at the government-funded European Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN). Mosaic, the irst popular hypertext browser for the World-Wide Web was developed at the Univ. of Illinois' National Center for Supercomputer Applications (NCSA). For a more complete history of HyperText, see [31]. †¢ Computer Aided Design (CAD): The same 1963 IFIPS conference at which Sketchpad was presented also contained a number of CAD systems, including Doug Ross's Computer-Aided Design Project at MIT in the Electronic Syste ms Lab [37] and Coons' work at MIT with SketchPad [7]. Timothy Johnson's pioneering work on the interactive 3D CAD system Sketchpad 3 [13] was his 1963 MIT MS thesis (funded by the Air Force). The first CAD/CAM system in industry was probably General Motor's DAC-1 (about 1963). †¢ Video Games: The first graphical video game was probably SpaceWar by Slug Russel of MIT in 1962 for the PDP-1 [19, p. 49] including the first computer joysticks. The early computer Adventure game was created by Will Crowther at BBN, and Don Woods developed this into a more sophisticated Adventure game at Stanford in 1966 [19, p. 132]. Conway's game of LIFE was implemented on computers at MIT and Stanford in 1970. The first popular commercial game was Pong (about 1976). 4. Up-and-Coming Areas Gesture Recognition: The first pen-based input device, the RAND tablet, was funded by ARPA. Sketchpad used light-pen gestures (1963). Teitelman in 1964 developed the first trainable gesture recognizer. A very early demonstration of gesture recognition was Tom Ellis' GRAIL system on the RAND tablet (1964, ARPA funded). It was quite common in light-pen-based systems to include some gesture recognition, for example in the AMBIT/G system (1968 — ARPA funded). A gesture-based text editor using proof-reading symbols was developed at CMU by Michael Coleman in 1969. Bill Buxton at the University of Toronto has been studying gesture-based interactions since 1980. Gesture recognition has been used in commercial CAD systems since the 1970s, and came to universal notice with the Apple Newton in 1992. †¢ Multi-Media: The FRESS project at Brown used multiple windows and integrated text and graphics (1968, funding from industry). The Interactive Graphical Documents project at Brown was the first hypermedia (as opposed to hypertext) system, and used raster graphics and text, but not video (1979-1983, funded by ONR and NSF). The Diamond project at BBN (starting in 1982, DARPA funded) explored combining multimedia information (text, spreadsheets, graphics, speech). The Movie Manual at the Architecture Machine Group (MIT) was one of the first to demonstrate mixed video and computer graphics in 1983 (DARPA funded). †¢ 3-D: The first 3-D system was probably Timothy Johnson's 3-D CAD system mentioned above (1963, funded by the Air Force). The â€Å"Lincoln Wand† by Larry Roberts was an ultrasonic 3D location sensing system, developed at Lincoln Labs (1966, ARPA funded). That system also had the first interactive 3-D hidden line elimination. An early use was for molecular modelling [18]. The late 60's and early 70's saw the flowering of 3D raster graphics research at the University of Utah with Dave Evans, Ivan Sutherland, Romney, Gouraud, Phong, and Watkins, much of it government funded. Also, the military-industrial flight simulation work of the 60's – 70's led the way to making 3-D real-time with commercial systems from GE, Evans, Singer/Link (funded by NASA, Navy, etc. ). Another important center of current research in 3-D is Fred Brooks' lab at UNC (e. g. [2]). Virtual Reality and â€Å"Augmented Reality†: The original work on VR was performed by Ivan Sutherland when he was at Harvard (1965-1968, funding by Air Force, CIA, and Bell Labs). Very important early work was by Tom Furness when he was at Wright-Patterson AFB. Myron Krueger's early work at the University of Connecticut was influential. Fred Brooks' and Henry Fuch's groups at UNC did a lot of early research, including the study of force feedbac k (1971, funding from US Atomic Energy Commission and NSF). Much of the early research on head-mounted displays and on the DataGlove was supported by NASA. Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Doug Engelbart's 1968 demonstration of NLS [8] included the remote participation of multiple people at various sites (funding from ARPA, NASA, and Rome ADC). Licklider and Taylor predicted on-line interactive communities in an 1968 article [20] and speculated about the problem of access being limited to the privileged. Electronic mail, still the most widespread multi-user software, was enabled by the ARPAnet, which became operational in 1969, and by the Ethernet from Xerox PARC in 1973. An early computer conferencing system was Turoff's EIES system at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (1975). †¢ Natural language and speech: The fundamental research for speech and natural language understanding and generation has been performed at CMU, MIT, SRI, BBN, IBM, AT Bell Labs and BellCore, much of it government funded. See, for example, [34] for a survey of the early work. 5. Software Tools and Architectures The area of user interface software tools is quite active now, and many companies are selling tools. Most of today's applications are implemented using various forms of software tools. For a more complete survey and discussion of UI tools, see [26]. †¢ UIMSs and Toolkits: (There are software libraries and tools that support creating interfaces by writing code. ) The first User Interface Management System (UIMS) was William Newman's Reaction Handler [30] created at Imperial College, London (1966-67 with SRC funding). Most of the early work was done at universities (Univ. of Toronto with Canadian government funding, George Washington Univ. with NASA, NSF, DOE, and NBS funding, Brigham Young University with industrial funding, etc. . The term â€Å"UIMS† was coined by David Kasik at Boeing (1982) [14]. Early window managers such as Smalltalk (1974) and InterLisp, both from Xerox PARC, came with a few widgets, such as popup menus and scrollbars. The Xerox Star (1981) was the first commercial system to have a large collection of widgets. The Apple Macintosh (1984) was the first to actively promote its toolkit for use by other developers to enforce a consiste nt interface. An early C++ toolkit was InterViews [21], developed at Stanford (1988, industrial funding). Much of the modern research is being performed at universities, for example the Garnet (1988) [28] and Amulet (1994) [27] projects at CMU (ARPA funded), and subArctic at Georgia Tech (1996, funding by Intel and NSF). †¢ Interface Builders: (These are interactive tools that allow interfaces composed of widgets such as buttons, menus and scrollbars to be placed using a mouse. ) The Steamer project at BBN (1979-85; ONR funding) demonstrated many of the ideas later incorporated into interface builders and was probably the first object-oriented graphics system. Trillium [12] was developed at Xerox PARC in 1981. Another early interface builder was the MenuLay system [5] developed by Bill Buxton at the University of Toronto (1983, funded by the Canadian Government). The Macintosh (1984) included a â€Å"Resource Editor† which allowed widgets to be placed and edited. Jean-Marie Hullot created â€Å"SOS Interface† in Lisp for the Macintosh while working at INRIA (1984, funded by the French government) which was the first modern â€Å"interface builder. † Hullot built this into a commercial product in 1986 and then went to work for NeXT and created the NeXT Interface Builder (1988), which popularized this type of tool. Now there are literally hundreds of commercial interface builders. †¢ Component Architectures: The idea of creating interfaces by connecting separately written components was first demonstrated in the Andrew project [32] by Carnegie Mellon University's Information Technology Center (1983, funded by IBM). It is now being widely popularized by Microsoft's OLE and Apple's OpenDoc architectures. 6. Discussion It is clear that all of the most important innovations in Human-Computer Interaction have benefited from research at both corporate research labs and universities, much of it funded by the government. The conventional style of graphical user interfaces that use windows, icons, menus and a mouse and are in a phase of standardization, where almost everyone is using the same, standard technology and just making minute, incremental changes. Therefore, it is important that university, corporate, and government-supported research continue, so that we can develop the science and technology needed for the user interfaces of the future. Another important argument in favor of HCI research in universities is that computer science students need to know about user interface issues. User interfaces are likely to be one of the main value-added competitive advantages of the future, as both hardware and basic software become commodities. If students do not know about user interfaces, they will not serve industry needs. It seems that only through computer science does HCI research disseminate out into products. Furthermore, without appropriate levels of funding of academic HCI research, there will be fewer PhD graduates in HCI to perform research in corporate labs, and fewer top-notch graduates in this area will be interested in being professors, so the needed user interface courses will not be offered. As computers get faster, more of the processing power is being devoted to the user interface. The interfaces of the future will use gesture recognition, speech recognition and generation, â€Å"intelligent agents,† adaptive interfaces, video, and many other technologies now being investigated by research groups at universities and corporate labs [35]. It is imperative that this research continue and be well-supported. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I must thank a large number of people who responded to posts of earlier versions of this article on the announcements. hi mailing list for their very generous help, and to Jim Hollan who helped edit the short excerpt of this article. Much of the information in this article was supplied by (in alphabetical order): Stacey Ashlund, Meera M. Blattner, Keith Butler, Stuart K. Card, Bill Curtis, David E. Damouth, Dan Diaper, Dick Duda, Tim T. K. Dudley, Steven Feiner, Harry Forsdick, Bjorn Freeman-Benson, John Gould, Wayne Gray, Mark Green, Fred Hansen, Bill Hefley, D. Austin Henderson, Jim Hollan, Jean-Marie Hullot, Rob Jacob, Bonnie John, Sandy Kobayashi, T. K. Landauer, John Leggett, Roger Lighty, Marilyn Mantei, Jim Miller, William Newman, Jakob Nielsen, Don Norman, Dan Olsen, Ramesh Patil, Gary Perlman, Dick Pew, Ken Pier, Jim Rhyne, Ben Shneiderman, John Sibert, David C. Smith, Elliot Soloway, Richard Stallman, Ivan Sutherland, Dan Swinehart, John Thomas, Alex Waibel, Marceli Wein, Mark Weiser, Alan Wexelblat, and Terry Winograd. Editorial comments were also provided by the above as well as Ellen Borison, Rich McDaniel, Rob Miller, Bernita Myers, Yoshihiro Tsujino, and the reviewers. References 1. Baecker, R. , et al. â€Å"A Historical and Intellectual Perspective,† in Readings in Human-Computer Interaction: Toward the Year 2000, Second Edition, R. Baecker, et al. , Editors. 1995, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc. : San Francisco. pp. 35-47. 2. Brooks, F. â€Å"The Computer â€Å"Scientist† as Toolsmith–Studies in Interactive Computer Graphics,† in IFIP Conference Proceedings. 1977. pp. 625-634. 3. Burtnyk, N . and Wein, M. , â€Å"Computer Generated Key Frame Animation. † Journal Of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 1971. 8(3): pp. 149-153. 4. Bush, V. , â€Å"As We May Think. † The Atlantic Monthly, 1945. 176(July): pp. 101-108. Reprinted and discussed in interactions, 3(2), Mar 1996, pp. 35-67. 5. Buxton, W. , et al. â€Å"Towards a Comprehensive User Interface Management System,† in Proceedings SIGGRAPH'83: Computer Graphics. 1983. Detroit, Mich. 17. pp. 35-42. 6. Card, S. K. , â€Å"Pioneers and Settlers: Methods Used in Successful User Interface Design,† in Human-Computer Interface Design: Success Stories, Emerging Methods, and Real-World Context, M. Rudisill, et al. , Editors. 1996, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers: San Francisco. pp. 122-169. 7. Coons, S. â€Å"An Outline of the Requirements for a Computer-Aided Design System,† in AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Conference. 963. 23. pp. 299-304. 8. Engelbart, D. and English, W. , â€Å"A Research Center for Augmenting Human Intellect. † Reprinted in ACM SIGGRAPH Video Review, 1994. , 1968. 106 9. English, W. K. , Engelbart, D. C. , and Berman, M. L. , â€Å"Display Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation. † IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, 1967. HFE-8(1) 10. Goldberg, A. , ed. A History of Personal Workstations. 1988, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company: New York, NY. 537. 11. Goldberg, A. and Robson, D. â€Å"A Metaphor for User Interface Design,† in Proceedings of the 12th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. 1979. 1. pp. 48-157. 12. Henderson Jr, D. A. â€Å"The Trillium User Interface Design Environment,† in Proceedings SIGCHI'86: Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1986. Boston, MA. pp. 221-227. 13. Johnson, T. â€Å"Sketchpad III: Three Dimensional Graphical Communication with a Digital Computer,† in AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Conference. 1963. 23. pp. 347-353. 14. Kasik, D. J. â€Å"A User Interface Management System,† in Proceedings SIGGRAPH'82: Computer Graphics. 1982. Boston, MA. 16. pp. 99-106. 15. Kay, A. , The Reactive Engine. PhD Thesis, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Utah, 1969, 16. Kay, A. , â€Å"Pe rsonal Dynamic Media. IEEE Computer, 1977. 10(3): pp. 31-42. 17. Koved, L. and Shneiderman, B. , â€Å"Embedded menus: Selecting items in context. † Communications of the ACM, 1986. 4(29): pp. 312-318. 18. Levinthal, C. , â€Å"Molecular Model-Building by Computer. † Scientific American, 1966. 214(6): pp. 42-52. 19. Levy, S. , Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. 1984, Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday. 20. Licklider, J. C. R. and Taylor, R. W. , â€Å"The computer as Communication Device. † Sci. Tech. , 1968. April: pp. 21-31. 21. Linton, M. A. , Vlissides, J. M. , and Calder, P. R. , â€Å"Composing user interfaces with InterViews. † IEEE Computer, 1989. 2(2): pp. 8-22. 22. Meyrowitz, N. and Van Dam, A. , â€Å"Interactive Editing Systems: Part 1 and 2. † ACM Computing Surveys, 1982. 14(3): pp. 321-352. 23. Myers, B. A. , â€Å"The User Interface for Sapphire. † IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 1984. 4(12): pp. 13-23. 24. Myers, B. A. , â€Å"A Taxonomy of User Interfaces for Window Managers. † IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 1988. 8(5): pp. 65-84. 25. Myers, B. A. , â€Å"All the Widgets. † SIGGRAPH Video Review, 1990. 57 26. Myers, B. A. , â€Å"User Interface Software Tools. † ACM Transactions on Computer Human Interaction, 1995. 2(1): pp. 64-103. 27. Myers, B. A. , et al. The Amulet V2. 0 Reference Manual . Carnegie Mellon University Computer Science Department Report, Number, Feb, 1996. System available from http://www. cs. cmu. edu/~amulet. 28. Myers, B. A. , et al. , â€Å"Garnet: Comprehensive Support for Graphical, Highly-Interactive User Interfaces. † IEEE Computer, 1990. 23(11): pp. 71-85. 29. Nelson, T. â€Å"A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminate,† in Proceedings ACM National Conference. 1965. pp. 84-100. 30. Newman, W. M. â€Å"A System for Interactive Graphical Programming,† in AFIPS Spring Joint Comp uter Conference. 1968. 28. pp. 47-54. 31. Nielsen, J. Multimedia and Hypertext: the Internet and Beyond. 1995, Boston: Academic Press Professional. 32. Palay, A. J. , et al. â€Å"The Andrew Toolkit – An Overview,† in Proceedings Winter Usenix Technical Conference. 1988. Dallas, Tex. pp. 9-21. 33. Press, L. , â€Å"Before the Altair: The History of Personal Computing. † Communications of the ACM, 1993. 36(9): pp. 27-33. 34. Reddy, D. R. , â€Å"Speech Recognition by Machine: A Review,† in Readings in Speech Recognition, A. Waibel and K. -F. Lee, Editors. 1990, Morgan Kaufmann: San Mateo, CA. pp. 8-38. 35. Reddy, R. , â€Å"To Dream the Possible Dream (Turing Award Lecture). † Communications of the ACM, 1996. 9(5): pp. 105-112. 36. Robertson, G. , Newell, A. , and Ramakrishna, K. , ZOG: A Man-Machine Communication Philosophy . Carnegie Mellon University Technical Report Report, Number, August, 1977. 37. Ross, D. and Rodriguez, J. â€Å"Theoretical Foundations for the Computer-Aided Design System,† in AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Conference. 1963. 23. pp. 305-322. 38. Rudisill, M. , et al. , Human-Computer Interface Design: Success Stories, Emerging Methods, and Real-World Context. 1996, San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. 39. Scheifler, R. W. and Gettys, J. , â€Å"The X Window System. † ACM Transactions on Graphics, 1986. 5(2): pp. 79-109. 0. Shneiderman, B. , â€Å"Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages. † IEEE Computer, 1983. 16(8): pp. 57-69. 41. Smith, D. C. , Pygmalion: A Computer Program to Model and Stimulate Creative Thought. 1977, Basel, Stuttgart: Birkhauser Verlag. PhD Thesis, Stanford University Computer Science Department, 1975. 42. Smith, D. C. , et al. â€Å"The Star User Interface: an Overview,† in Proceedings of the 1982 National Computer Conference. 1982. AFIPS. pp. 515-528. 43. Stallman, R. M. , Emacs: The Extensible, Customizable, Self-Documenting Display Editor . MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab Report, Number, Aug, 1979, 1979. 44. Sutherland, I. E. â€Å"SketchPad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System,† in AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Conference. 1963. 23. pp. 329-346. 45. Swinehart, D. , et al. , â€Å"A Structural View of the Cedar Programming Environment. † ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 1986. 8(4): pp. 419-490. 46. Swinehart, D. C. , Copilot: A Multiple Process Approach to Interactive Programming Systems. PhD Thesis, Computer Science Department Stanford University, 1974, SAIL Memo AIM-230 and CSD Report STAN-CS-74-412. 47. Teitelman, W. , â€Å"A Display Oriented Programmer's Assistant. † International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 1979. 1: pp. 157-187. Also Xerox PARC Technical Report CSL-77-3, Palo Alto, CA, March 8, 1977. 48. Tolliver, B. , TVEdit . Stanford Time Sharing Memo Report, Number, March, 1965. 49. van Dam, A. , et al. â€Å"A Hypertext Editing System for the 360,† in Proceedings Conference in Computer Graphics. 1969. University of I llinois. 50. van Dam, A. and Rice, D. E. , â€Å"On-line Text Editing: A Survey. † Computing Surveys, 1971. 3(3): pp. 93-114. 51. Williams, G. , â€Å"The Lisa Computer System. † Byte Magazine, 1983. 8(2): pp. 33-50. 52. Williams, G. , â€Å"The Apple Macintosh Computer. † Byte, 1984. 9(2): pp. 30-54.