Compare and Contrast the Poetry of James Berry and John Betjeman, with

Compare and Contrast the Poetry of James pick and John Betjeman, withparticular elongation to the Cultural Differences. Refer to at Leasttwo Poems by each PoetJames Berrys poems are written from the perspective of a lady namedLucy. Lucy moved to England beca workout she had perceive the streets werepractically paved with gold there. She writes letters to her friendLeela in the form of poems. Lucy regrets her move to England in a lotof ways and finds it gloomy and cold. She misses Jamaica and doesnt really like London but she is too proud to admit that, so her lettersalso contain a number of positive yet self-loving sounding points about theadvantages of living in England, such as, An doctors free. Lucywrites of how she has, turned a battery hen, in the poem LucysLetters because she feels trapped in London. She was used to arelaxed and golden way of life in Jamaica so the culture in Londoncame as a big shock to her. London is a lot large and much lessfriendly than Jamaica. In J amaica bothone knows each other so Leelaasked Lucy in a letter to her if shed ever met the Queen. Lucy isused to the unspoilt beauty of the Jamaican scenery so London comes asa big change. She describes it to Leela asA parishOf a pasture-lan whatGrown crisscross streets.In Jamaica Lucy could leave her door unbolted but write of how shecant do that in LondonI carry keys everywhereLife heres no open summer.She sees the lifestyle as monotonous because every day seems the same.She feels in some ways that she doesnt really belong in London. Inthe poem From Lucy Englan Lady she describes the Queen as being,Like she a space touris, because she is some alienated from theres... ...tional. Berry, however, usesCreole phrases and grammar in his poetry. In the poem Lucys Letter,Berry uses the phrase, I long for we labrish bad, meaning Lucylongs to gossip without restraint. Berry uses figures of speech in hispoetry impertinent Betjeman. For instance, in the poem Lucys Letter,Berry uses the m etaphor, I really a sponge and in From LucyEnglan Lady, he uses similes such as, Like a seagull flyin slowslow.Berry and Betjeman have very different writing styles, partly becauseof the influences of their very different cultures. Berrys easy goingJamaican upbringing is reflected in his poetry through his use ofCreole and the structure of his poetry. Betjeman reflects his Englishupbringing through his regular, ordered stanzas. Although they arevery different they both work very well and make for very enjoyablereading.

Reasons to Learn CPR Essay -- essays research papers

Have you ever thought about what you would do if a family member suddenly stopped breathing? Imagine that you grow up in a small town, the population is 700 large number, and one morning you wake up and everyone in the town is dead. On any given day 670 people die of sudden cardiac arrest. Could it be a loved one, someone you c are deeply for, or just a complete stranger? The chances are that someone in your family is going to die of sudden cardiac arrest in your lifetime. On average it takes an ambulance no less than seven minutes to break someone in need, therefore, every adult should know how to administer CPR.Brain death starts to occur four to six minutes after someone is attacked with cardiac arrest, so you should immediately begin with assessing the victim?s airway. You should start out by shaking and shouting at the victim to check his or her level of responsiveness. If the patient does not respond, you should then call 9-1-1. After placing the call, bare the victi m?s chest of all clothing and open his or her airway. To open to victim?s airway, you should use the head-ti...

Discussion Boards :: Personal Narrative Writing

Discussion Boards I guess Im just behind the generation but to be honest, I have never ventured into an online community. This i s not snt because I dont like computers or the internet, I just have never had any interest with comp ut outer related activities. So, trying to write this paper was very discouraging at first. I had no idea what emits were, except for the sound that a cow made, and MUDs, well, they just sounded a little dirty. Basically, I had never heard or knew of any online communities in my life Through my English class I was eventually exposed to the various online communities, such as MOOs, MUDs, discussion forums, and e-mail lists. In class one day we were assigned to go to these different web-sites to experience the different online communit ies. So, with my feet slightly wet, I genus Columba further into the world of virtual communication. Not knowing really where to begin I did a search for discussion forums. Through the search I plunge out that there is a forum for just well-nigh anything you can imagine. There were over 5,000 results that came up and I became overwhelmed with the obvious interest that people had in these communities that I had no idea about. I narrowed it down and searched for discussion on the terrorist attacks. The first web-site I stumbled across was MostlyAmphigory.com . There was no particular creator that I chose this one, I just picked it out of the search results. Mostly Amphigory had a general discussion board on which various topics were discussed, some which were about the

Performance Management System Essay -- Managing business Essays

implementation instruction System IntroductionThis report is an attempt to analyse the existing public presentation Management System for blown-up Financial Service Organisation (LFSO) and from this information, recommend, and implement an appropriate new performance management system. LFSO is an organisation, which traditionally has a paternalistic culture with low levels of unionisation. LFSO current Performance Management system was implemented two years ago changing the nature of the previous incremental salary scales described as Prerogatives by Lupton and Bowey and guide to the abolition of the annual cost of living increment. This change by LFSO was an attempt to achieve a strategic, integrative and flexible approach to pay, in order to care for its organisational objectives. Therefore it reflected on a pluralist approach with the use of job evaluated grade structures regarding financial rewards and benefits. (Heery, 1996) despite the fact that with most paternalistic cu lture stick a Unitarist approach to Performance Management systems.Initial research conducted by the organisation indicated that objectives are not always established and reviews were spasmodic. There was a high course of resentment between the different members of staff leading to unhealthy competitiveness and unwillingness to support others. (Kerr, 1995) describe this behaviour as esprit de corps. This resulted in an outgrowth in general grievances. The BFU come been aware of this anxiety and have started a strong recruitment drive amongst employees but no figures on existing social rank were available.In general, both employees and management did not fully understand the scheme at its inception and saw it simply as a cost groovy exercise. The reward levels introduced were seen to be too small to act as a motivator. There was also debate about the role of the annual estimation interview as there was no consensus view on the purpose of these, which were regarded as an inconv enience.Now two years into the scheme, LSFO is facing the threat of a Bargaining Unit or possible Unionisation. Alongside high levels of dissatisfaction from employees and some line managers who have also expressed serious concerns about their role in the process. The system itself is under severe criticism with large numbers of appeals although only a very few of these have been upheld. ... ...ments around these decisions. The manager will have in place a formal quality monitoring procedure and adherence to this will form part of the team and individual reward and estimate procedure. As the BFU has started to implement a strong recruitment drive amongst LFSO employees, the management/ and HR Manager should consider meeting with the union to obtain its views on a partnership agreement with the organisation. This approach would recognise the possible impact BFU may have on the new system and would demonstrate a gesture of grace of God by the management team. It would also actors line the collective representation can help achieve important business objectives, including good communication. In conclusion it mustiness be emphasised that an effective Performance Management system ensures that both Managers and employees understand each others expectations, and how these are incorporated into the Corporate strategy and how these impact upon their own context V their roles, behaviours, relationships and interactions, rewards and futures. BibliographyBooksBeardwell, I. And Holden, L. (2001) Human Resource Management A Contemporary Approach 3rd Ed. Prentice Hall Performance Management System Essay -- Managing business EssaysPerformance Management System IntroductionThis report is an attempt to analyse the existing Performance Management System for bulky Financial Service Organisation (LFSO) and from this information, recommend, and implement an appropriate new performance management system. LFSO is an organisation, which traditionally has a pat ernalistic culture with low levels of unionisation. LFSO current Performance Management system was implemented two years ago changing the nature of the previous incremental salary scales described as Prerogatives by Lupton and Bowey and lead to the abolition of the annual cost of living increment. This change by LFSO was an attempt to achieve a strategic, integrative and flexible approach to pay, in order to address its organisational objectives. Therefore it reflected on a pluralist approach with the use of job evaluated grade structures regarding financial rewards and benefits. (Heery, 1996) despite the fact that with most paternalistic culture have a Unitarist approach to Performance Management systems.Initial research conducted by the organisation indicated that objectives are not always established and reviews were spasmodic. There was a high gunpoint of resentment between the different members of staff leading to unhealthy competitiveness and unwillingness to support others. (Kerr, 1995) describe this behaviour as esprit de corps. This resulted in an profit in general grievances. The BFU have been aware of this anxiety and have started a strong recruitment drive amongst employees but no figures on existing social station were available.In general, both employees and management did not fully understand the scheme at its inception and saw it simply as a cost penetrating exercise. The reward levels introduced were seen to be too small to act as a motivator. There was also debate about the role of the annual idea interview as there was no consensus view on the purpose of these, which were regarded as an inconvenience.Now two years into the scheme, LSFO is facing the threat of a Bargaining Unit or possible Unionisation. Alongside high levels of dissatisfaction from employees and some line managers who have also expressed serious concerns about their role in the process. The system itself is under severe criticism with large numbers of appeals although o nly a very few of these have been upheld. ... ...ments around these decisions. The manager will have in place a formal quality monitoring procedure and adherence to this will form part of the team and individual reward and judgment procedure. As the BFU has started to implement a strong recruitment drive amongst LFSO employees, the management/ and HR Manager should consider meeting with the union to obtain its views on a partnership agreement with the organisation. This approach would recognise the possible impact BFU may have on the new system and would demonstrate a gesture of goodwill by the management team. It would also address the collective representation can help achieve important business objectives, including good communication. In conclusion it must be emphasised that an effective Performance Management system ensures that both Managers and employees understand each others expectations, and how these are incorporated into the Corporate dodge and how these impact upon t heir own context V their roles, behaviours, relationships and interactions, rewards and futures. BibliographyBooksBeardwell, I. And Holden, L. (2001) Human Resource Management A Contemporary Approach 3rd Ed. Prentice Hall

Jade Stadium Redevelopment (project management) Essay -- Business and

Jade orbit Re ripening (project management)IntroductionThe re education of Jade Stadium, formally Lancaster Park, has been aproject in development for a number of years. It is interesting to vox populi the processes and changes in approaches to reach compromises,that have occurred in the lead up to this project especially with thestage the redevelopment is at now, (near completion). The tensionplaced upon planning and funding has had a huge impact to not unless thetime frame for completion of project only if at a more basic stage ofwhether the redevelopment would even go ahead. The information engrossdfor this review dates back only as far as January 99, but even by thatstage several years work had gone into pushing and lobbying for animproved, upgraded multi purpose stadium in Christchurch. Articlesgiving detail to the development process, the stages of developmentand the politics involved in the redevelopment of Jade Stadium are adjudgen from January 20 1999, until the October 13 2000. The majority ofarticles are news items taken from Christchurchs major newspaper,The Christchurch Press. Not all information present in the articleswas relevant to the review topic of, the redevelopment of jadestadium, and so this is the reason for the use of several articles, togain enough knowledge on the topic area.Temporary and UniqueThe jade stadium project is one of a temporary nature. Although it whitethornbe a long and drawn out process there is definitely a definite start(realisation of a need for a revamped stadium) and discharge (completionof construction and closure). With respect to the jade stadiumproject, those dates have constantly changed. Originally set for anearly 2000-start time, that date was changed several times untilfinally settled for October 2000 and estimated to take 18 months tocomplete. A deadline that they are currently on track to meet. Likeany other project, Jade Stadiums redevelopment was a unique venture,not only in its actual design, owne rship and the way in which therevenue to fund the project was produced but also in the actual use ofthe stadium. Being a rugby and cricket facility with ground breakingtechnology in the form of the new drop in pitches, an invention firsttried by grounds staff two years ago. The stadium revamp unlike thenew Wellington stadium will be done on the existi... ...point of view or side of the story, and that in general allarticles relating to the redevelopment of jade stadium, held a morepositive slant or position towards the development and the developmentteam. The key points contained within the review begin with definingthe uniqueness and temporary nature of a project and how jade stadiumis a one dark major project. The revenue provided to support such anexpensive project comes from a wide and varying plane, with the use ofa business plan one of the well-nigh important tools in the development ofJade Stadium. It can be noted that a great deal of importance wasplaced upon the planning phase in order to do it once and do it right.And that the project followed the basic project life cycle model.ReferencesCurrie, S. (1999). The Jade Board. The Press, 20 January, 1996, p 34.McGoldrick, B. (2000). What about a gist Jade upgrade? The Press, 26August, 2000, p 10.Scanlon, G. (2000). $43m plea for Jade Stadium. The Press, 7 April,2000, p 1.Tutty, K. (1999). Progress on stadium plans. The Press, 6 August, 1999,p 22.Tutty, K. (2000). Jade Stadium access settled for five years. ThePress. 14 October, 2000.

Jade Stadium Redevelopment (project management) Essay -- Business and

slattern Stadium Re phylogenesis (project management)IntroductionThe re instruction of Jade Stadium, formally Lancaster Park, has been aproject in development for a number of years. It is interesting toview the processes and changes in approaches to reach compromises,that have occurred in the lead up to this project especially with thestage the redevelopment is at now, (near completion). The emphasisplaced upon planning and funding has had a huge impact to non only thetime frame for completion of project but at a more basic stage ofwhether the redevelopment would even go ahead. The information usedfor this review dates back only as far as January 99, but even by thatstage several years work had g nonpareil into pushing and lobbying for animproved, upgraded multi purpose stadium in Christchurch. Articlesgiving detail to the development process, the stages of developmentand the politics involved in the redevelopment of Jade Stadium are taken from January 20 1999, until the October 1 3 2000. The majority ofarticles are news items taken from Christchurchs major newspaper,The Christchurch Press. Not all information present in the articleswas relevant to the review topic of, the redevelopment of jadestadium, and so this is the reason out for the use of several articles, togain enough knowledge on the topic area.Temporary and UniqueThe jade stadium project is champion of a momentary nature. Although it maybe a long and drawn out process there is definitely a definite start(realisation of a need for a revamped stadium) and finish (completionof construction and closure). With respect to the jade stadiumproject, those dates have constantly changed. Originally set for anearly 2000-start time, that date was changed several times untilfinally settled for October 2000 and estimated to take 18 months tocomplete. A deadline that they are currently on track to meet. Likeany other project, Jade Stadiums redevelopment was a unique venture,not only in its actual design, owne rship and the way in which therevenue to fund the project was produced but also in the actual use ofthe stadium. being a rugby and cricket facility with ground breakingtechnology in the form of the new drop in pitches, an invention first act by grounds staff two years ago. The stadium revamp unlike thenew Wellington stadium will be done on the existi... ...point of view or side of the story, and that in general allarticles relating to the redevelopment of jade stadium, held a morepositive slant or position towards the development and the developmentteam. The key points contained within the review begin with definingthe uniqueness and temporary nature of a project and how jade stadiumis a one off major project. The revenue provided to support such anexpensive project comes from a wide and varying plane, with the use ofa business plan one of the most important tools in the development ofJade Stadium. It can be noted that a great deal of importance wasplaced upon the planning mannik in in order to do it once and do it right.And that the project followed the basic project life cycle model.ReferencesCurrie, S. (1999). The Jade Board. The Press, 20 January, 1996, p 34.McGoldrick, B. (2000). What about a total Jade upgrade? The Press, 26August, 2000, p 10.Scanlon, G. (2000). $43m plea for Jade Stadium. The Press, 7 April,2000, p 1.Tutty, K. (1999). Progress on stadium plans. The Press, 6 August, 1999,p 22.Tutty, K. (2000). Jade Stadium access settled for five years. ThePress. 14 October, 2000.

Leo XIII: Rerum Novarum

1. What did Leo theorise about the unretentive people?The present age has reach over the working short(p) to inhumane employers and greedy competitors. (a. 6) He saw the working poor as needy and helpless, (a. 66)And they are insufficiently protected against in justnesss and violence. (a. 32)2. What did he want the working poor to understand?He valued the working poor to understand that the lowest in society can non be made equal with the highest and that poverty is no disgrace. (a. 37)To suffer and endure is human. (a. 27)The working poor are told not to injure the property or person of their employers and not to forcibly the property of others. (a. 55)3. What was the moral component of Leos message?The message to the working poor seems to be aimed at calming and consoling the poor, encouraging them to accept their position in society without rancor and without harm to others. Leo sought to enlist the guardianship of the working poor in preserving good order.4. What did Leo sa y to those who work with the poor?Leo XIII declared that the working poor must be cared for. Employers have clear moral obligations workers are not to be treated as slaves the dignity of your workers human personality must be respected do not white plague people as things for gain do not oppress the needy or the wretched for your own profit. The approach to employers is on a high moral plane, but it is also very practical you need your poor worker, so work with him harmoniously. It is immoral to treat workers unjustly, and it is also not in the best interest of ownership and management.5. What was the message to the employers?Leo warns the employers against the pitfalls of being wealthy pointing out that wealth does not end sorrow and that it is a hindrance to unremitting happiness. In view of eternity, what counts is not how much we have but how we use what we have, and we will have to account to God for our use of wealth6. What did the Pope say to the wealthy?The wealthy are tol d that their goods are for their perfection and the benefit of others, and they are encouraged to share their goods when they see others in need when the need is extreme, the demand is of justice otherwise, the demand is of charity.7. What was R.Ns teachings of unions and strikes?The encyclical comes down strongly in favour of unions, stating that their increase is to be desired. (a. 69)The immediate object of unions is the private advantage of those associated, so that workers are to use their unions to secure increase in goods of body, soul and prosperity. (a. 71)The principal goal of unions is moral and religious perfection. (a. 77)The message about preserving good order is clear and unmistakable, but so is the message about standing up for rights. Leo XIII wanted the working poor to protect their interests, to make demands, to press their claims, and the principal means for doing this was the institution of unions.8. What did Leo say about working conditions?Wages should never be less than enough to support a worker who is thrifty and upright. (a. 63)Work should not be so long that it dulls the spirit or that the body sinks from exhaustion. (a. 59)The factors in the establishment of hours are listed as the nature of the work the circumstances of time and nates the physical condition of the workers. (a. 59)9. What was his stand on private ownership and property?Private ownership must be preserved inviolate. (a. 23)Must be regarded as sacred. (a. 65)It is wrong for ownership to be limited to a small number of people, and private property must be spread among the largest number of population. (a. 65)And a to a greater extent equitable division of goods. (a. 66)10. How did Leo see the role of government?The purpose of government is to cause public and individual well-being. (a. 48)The government must protect the residential district and its constituent parts. (a. 52)Protect equitably each and every class of citizens. (a. 49)Give special consideration to the weak and poor. (a. 54)This special care should include the working poor. (a. 54) remedy the condition of workers. (a. 48)Safeguard the well-being and interests of workers. (a. 49)Protection of the goods of the workers soul. (a. 57)The governments intervention in matters of wages, hours, and working conditions should be avoided. (a. 64)The government does not have the authority to forbid unions. (a. 72)It can oppose, sever and prevent unions when their objective is at variance with good morals, justice, or to it that there are no strikes. (a. 56)It should seek to remove the causes of strikes. (a. 56)Government must permit immunity of action to individuals and families. (a. 52)Government should give public aid to families in extreme difficulty. (a. 21) Briefly summarise the popes intention and purpose for the Rerum Novarum.The Popes intention was his conviction that the present ages has handed over the working poor to inhumane employers and greedy competitors. He wanted to help the working poor by setting these rules. These rules help people to chicane their roles and obligations when dealing with work.

Rasta

Shaquille T. Sailsman literary works and Composition March 26,2013 Rastafarianism The Rastafarian trustfulness has more different elements. These elements include history, beliefs, customs/culture, celebrations, and worshipping. Rastafarians believe in the divine character of Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, whose act before his coronation of 1930 who Ras Tafari (Prince of the Ho drill of Tafari). The name Haile Selassie means Power of Trinity. He was the Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930-1974. Haile Selassie never regarded himself as God, nor did he adhere to Rastafari.According to iconn. org, Rastafarians regard Haile Selassie I as God because Marcus Garveys prophecy Look to Africa where a black king sh wholly be crowned, he sh on the whole be the rescuer was swiftly followed by the insurrection of Haile Selassie as Emperor of Ethiopia. Haile Selassie I is regarded by Rastafarians as the God of the black race. The Rastafarian religion began in Jamaica in the 1930s. The r eligion was formed after(prenominal) periods of sla genuinely. Rastafarians regarded Jamaica as hell and Ethiopia as nirvana.Rastafarians called Jamaica hell because Africans were divided up and sent to destinations throughout the world, in most cases as slaves to whites. This is why many Africans found themselves in Jamaica. Ethiopia, the dwelling houseland, was seen as a place of fond memories of freedom and life prior to oppression. This meant it eventually became regarded as heaven. Rastafarians believes Jah (God) lives on in some form, and believes t eyelid ane day he allow bring about the return of all black plenty to their ancestral home in Africa, (Breuilly, OBrien, Palmer, 152).When Rastafarians cod kids, they maturate their kids to believe in Jah and after a certain age they should be able to identify who he is. They ar alike raised to believe that ane day he testament be raised from the dead and bring them back to Africa, their supposed homeland. Rastafarians dedicate themselves to preparing for this homecoming, growing closer to Jah, (Breuilly, OBrien, Palmer). They do this by cultivating peace and harmony with all and by living in a way that is close to nature, mimicking Jah.Another way Rastas try to mimic Jah is by rejecting practices introduced from white culture, which is symbolically called Babylon. The culture of Rastafarian is to condemn the eating of meat. They are all vegetarians. In order to spiritually grow as a somebody, meat has to be piecemeal eliminated from the diet. According to www. iconn. org, the main causa Rastafarians dont eat meat is because animals try so hard to get away. The fear of the animals can be seen in their eyes.It is evident that they are begging for mercy. Rastafarians volition have to show mercy. Within the book of genesis, the LORD gave man dominion over animals. It was not to eat them but to care for them. An high-octane healthy body is very basic. The Rastafarians diet is designed to meet th eir personal needs. The Rastafarians regimen is normally refer scarlet to as ital food within the Rastafarian culture. The most traditional way to know a Rastafarian is by their dreadlocks. Some people may wear their hair the Rastafarian way dreadlocks without being committed to Rastafarian belief or lifestyle, melodyal composition many believers feel obligated to abandon the traditional hairstyles for the sake of gaining or remaining in employment, (Breuilly, OBrien, Palmer, 152). Rastas wear dreadlocks because they do not believe in cutting or combing their hair. It is also the way some ancient African priests and Israelites wore their hair. Sometimes you see a green, red and yellow colored hat over a Rastas hair. These are the colors of the flag of Ethiopia.Rastas also wear a turban, which is a headband based on fabric winding, over their head to nurse and keep their dreadlocks clean. According to www. iconn. org, the holy herb, or known to most as marijuana or ganja, is u sed in all major Rastafarian celebrations to resurrect feelings of peace and community, aid meditation and inspire religious visions. There has often been controversy concerning the legalization of marijuana. Rastafarians are perhaps crush known for their religious use of marijuana, which grows plentifully in Jamaica. In addition to ritual use, Rastas also use marijuana for medicinal purposes, applying it o a categorization of ailments including colds. Many followers also believe that marijuana aids in the worship of God, Bible study, and meditation. Although not all Rastafarians use marijuana, most believe it will bring a person closer to God. Reggae music originated as an important part of Rastafarian celebrations asserting the pride and dignity of black people, rejection of white oppression, the yellowish pink of Africa and visions of a peaceful future. Reggae music is intimately connected to Rastafari and its lyrics often speak of oppression, poverty, slavery, apartheid and human rights.One of the most important figures in trying to spread reggae music was shilling Marley. Born Nesta Robert Marley (19741981), he trunk the most widely known and the best-selling performer of reggae music, and is credited with helping spread both Jamaican music and the Rastafari exertion to a worldwide audience. A Nyabingi ceremony brings together believers from a wider area, and often last from several days. At these ceremonies, in that respect are chanting, drumming, singing, praying, and dancing as good as shaving of vegetarian food and smoking of marijuana.Some occasions for a Nyabingi are based on the Julian calendar used by the Ethiopian Jewish-Orthodox Church with the Rastafarian faith has strong links. Holy days and holidays are periods of solemn times for the Rastafarian community worldwide. The Holy days are to pray and ask for penance, fulfilling 2 Chronicles 7v14, If my people who are called by my name, will humble themselves and pray, search for me an d repent of their evil ways, then I will hear from heaven and forgive their sins and heal their land. (Himchurch. org).Some Rastafarian celebrations includes Ethiopian New Year Sept 11th (represents a holiday, which is, observed with a short Prayer Service from 10am-11am), Christmas solar day Jan. 7th (Rastafarians observed this as a holiday), Haile Selassies Birthday July 23rd, and the Anniversary of his coronation Nov. 2nd, (Breuilly, OBrien, Palmer, 153). Influential prophets and teachers may also be commemorated, but there is no official fete calendar. Rastafarians do not have a specific religious building that is set aside for worshipping.They usually meet weekly, every in a believers home or in a community center. The meetings are referred to as Reasoning Sessions. They provide a time for chants, prayers and singing, and for communal issues to be discussed. Marijuana may be smoked to produce heightened spiritual states. The music used at these meetings is known as Nyabin gi, and so when meetings are mostly musical they are often referred to as Nyabingi meetings. Meetings may also include large feasts. Rastafarians lay great stress on individual bible study and interpretation.RastaShaquille T. Sailsman Literature and Composition March 26,2013 Rastafarianism The Rastafarian religion has many different elements. These elements include history, beliefs, customs/culture, celebrations, and worshipping. Rastafarians believe in the divine nature of Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, whose title before his coronation of 1930 who Ras Tafari (Prince of the House of Tafari). The name Haile Selassie means Power of Trinity. He was the Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930-1974. Haile Selassie never regarded himself as God, nor did he adhere to Rastafari.According to iconn. org, Rastafarians regard Haile Selassie I as God because Marcus Garveys prophecy Look to Africa where a black king shall be crowned, he shall be the Redeemer was swiftly followed by the ascensio n of Haile Selassie as Emperor of Ethiopia. Haile Selassie I is regarded by Rastafarians as the God of the black race. The Rastafarian religion began in Jamaica in the 1930s. The religion was formed after periods of slavery. Rastafarians regarded Jamaica as hell and Ethiopia as heaven.Rastafarians called Jamaica hell because Africans were divided up and sent to destinations throughout the world, in most cases as slaves to whites. This is why many Africans found themselves in Jamaica. Ethiopia, the homeland, was seen as a place of fond memories of freedom and life prior to oppression. This meant it eventually became regarded as heaven. Rastafarians believes Jah (God) lives on in some form, and believes that one day he will bring about the return of all black people to their ancestral home in Africa, (Breuilly, OBrien, Palmer, 152).When Rastafarians have kids, they raise their kids to believe in Jah and after a certain age they should be able to identify who he is. They are also raise d to believe that one day he will be raised from the dead and bring them back to Africa, their supposed homeland. Rastafarians dedicate themselves to preparing for this homecoming, growing closer to Jah, (Breuilly, OBrien, Palmer). They do this by cultivating peace and harmony with all and by living in a way that is close to nature, mimicking Jah.Another way Rastas try to mimic Jah is by rejecting practices introduced from white culture, which is symbolically called Babylon. The culture of Rastafarian is to condemn the eating of meat. They are all vegetarians. In order to spiritually grow as a person, meat has to be gradually eliminated from the diet. According to www. iconn. org, the main reason Rastafarians dont eat meat is because animals try so hard to get away. The fear of the animals can be seen in their eyes.It is evident that they are begging for mercy. Rastafarians will have to show mercy. Within the book of genesis, the LORD gave man dominion over animals. It was not to e at them but to care for them. An efficient healthy body is very basic. The Rastafarians diet is designed to meet their personal needs. The Rastafarians food is normally referred to as ital food within the Rastafarian culture. The most traditional way to know a Rastafarian is by their dreadlocks. Some people may wear their hair the Rastafarian way dreadlocks without being committed to Rastafarian belief or lifestyle, while many believers feel obligated to abandon the traditional hairstyles for the sake of gaining or remaining in employment, (Breuilly, OBrien, Palmer, 152). Rastas wear dreadlocks because they do not believe in cutting or combing their hair. It is also the way some ancient African priests and Israelites wore their hair. Sometimes you see a green, red and yellow colored hat over a Rastas hair. These are the colors of the flag of Ethiopia.Rastas also wear a turban, which is a headband based on cloth winding, over their head to protect and keep their dreadlocks clean. According to www. iconn. org, the holy herb, or known to most as marijuana or ganja, is used in all major Rastafarian celebrations to enhance feelings of peace and community, aid meditation and inspire religious visions. There has often been controversy concerning the legalization of marijuana. Rastafarians are perhaps best known for their religious use of marijuana, which grows plentifully in Jamaica. In addition to ritual use, Rastas also use marijuana for medicinal purposes, applying it o a variety of ailments including colds. Many followers also believe that marijuana aids in the worship of God, Bible study, and meditation. Although not all Rastafarians use marijuana, most believe it will bring a person closer to God. Reggae music originated as an important part of Rastafarian celebrations asserting the pride and dignity of black people, rejection of white oppression, the beauty of Africa and visions of a peaceful future. Reggae music is intimately connected to Rastafari and it s lyrics often speak of oppression, poverty, slavery, apartheid and human rights.One of the most important figures in trying to spread reggae music was Bob Marley. Born Nesta Robert Marley (19741981), he remains the most widely known and the best-selling performer of reggae music, and is credited with helping spread both Jamaican music and the Rastafari movement to a worldwide audience. A Nyabingi ceremony brings together believers from a wider area, and often last from several days. At these ceremonies, there are chanting, drumming, singing, praying, and dancing as well as shaving of vegetarian food and smoking of marijuana.Some occasions for a Nyabingi are based on the Julian calendar used by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church with the Rastafarian faith has strong links. Holy days and holidays are periods of solemn times for the Rastafarian community worldwide. The Holy days are to pray and ask for penance, fulfilling 2 Chronicles 7v14, If my people who are called by my name, will humb le themselves and pray, search for me and repent of their evil ways, then I will hear from heaven and forgive their sins and heal their land. (Himchurch. org).Some Rastafarian celebrations includes Ethiopian New Year Sept 11th (represents a holiday, which is, observed with a short Prayer Service from 10am-11am), Christmas Day Jan. 7th (Rastafarians observed this as a holiday), Haile Selassies Birthday July 23rd, and the Anniversary of his coronation Nov. 2nd, (Breuilly, OBrien, Palmer, 153). Influential prophets and teachers may also be commemorated, but there is no official festival calendar. Rastafarians do not have a specific religious building that is set aside for worshipping.They usually meet weekly, either in a believers home or in a community center. The meetings are referred to as Reasoning Sessions. They provide a time for chants, prayers and singing, and for communal issues to be discussed. Marijuana may be smoked to produce heightened spiritual states. The music use d at these meetings is known as Nyabingi, and so when meetings are mostly musical they are often referred to as Nyabingi meetings. Meetings may also include large feasts. Rastafarians lay great stress on individual bible study and interpretation.

Oedipus Rex as a Religious Drama

Titans who devoured Dionysus. 3 Only his heart remained, which Zeus ate and Dionysus was born a second time. 4 Zeus destroyed the Titans with lightening, and from their remains sprang human life, consequently homo are both divine and evil. 5 Sophocles embodied this aspect of God given human nature, mutual opposites, In the character of Oedipus. His actions are driven by the mother. 6 He is not consciously guilty of the crimes of incest, but the reality and irony of the play states that he is endorsing them. He takes the role of husband and son, brother and father he is inversely guilty and innocent, despite the Juxtaposed nature of these conditions, a reflection of the conditions from which humanity sprang. There is a definite t mavin of reverence in the dark unresolved matter, and a subsequent lesson that Gods that their prophecies demand respect. Nevertheless, the setting of the festival and tribute to the Gods make it a fundamentally religious lay.Central to religious drama is the concept that man essential conform to divine order- nevertheless at the cost of himself. 17 In Oedipus Rexes, this divine order Is predetermined by the prophecies of the Oracle which is the driving force for the entire plot. Oedipus parents receive the prophecy at his birth later, when called a bastard, Oedipus goes to the Oracle and receives the same Information and when a plague attacks Thebes, Croon Is sent to consult It again, which reveals Its fulfillment. 8 The oracles presence Is highly active, and In this sense, fulfils the role of an antagonist.Its also enforces Aristotle notion that a character is only a result of plot, as the characters action are solely dictated by the culture provided by the Oracle. 9 The role is further enforced by the fact that it is not a mere invention it was a very real part of classical culture, where spirituality and politics are intricately linked. Despite the characters best efforts (Accost and Alias leaving their son for dead, and Oed ipus fleeing who he believed to be his parents. ) Its fulfillment was seemingly inevitable, perhaps even caused by their go to bedledge of the prophecy. 10 It s in the avoidance of circumstance in which the prophecy could be fulfill, that is proximity to the dangerous other, that Oedipus and Alias were able to meet. 11 As afore mentioned the forecasting is the force behind the plot, but it is the characters resistance that cause the conflict and therefore the drama. Not to taint a religious discussion with a Freudian psychoanalytical perspective, but, as this conflict shows, opuses Is perhaps ten least Kelly person to nave an opuses complex en allocates his life to its avoidance. 12 When he discovers his predicament, his costs are encashment, the loss of his children and his eyes, Now I will do what must be done to the source of This is a highly symbolic action as in Greek the words for know and see are correspondent. 14 He is literally removing the knowledge of his sins, knowled ge he sought with such dynamism from the oracle, an image drenched with irony. The eventual acceptance that Apollo will have been fulfilled is, perhaps, the religious moral of the play the Gods are omniscient, therefore their laws will always be up held.Aristotle states, within its six elements (plot, character, diction, spectacle, thought ND song)1 5, that Tragedy is an fictive Of events inspiring aid or pity16 and that the Tragic hero is above the common man, but not definitively good, he must have a flaw. 17 In relevancy to Oedipus Rexes, and the sense in which it is a religious play, these elements highlight the enforced influence the presence of the Gods have on the actions of the characters, and the concept of free will. The event inspiring fear and pity is most likely the act of incest.Although a taboo subject regardless of culture and period, its interpretation changes across time. A modern view is one that inherently links incest to child abuse, as we are greatly influenc ed by feminist theory. 18 Such theory states that incest is an abuse of the power dynamics in the family unit, commonly from father to daughter. 19 However the incest portrayed in the play is unwittingly performed, by consenting adults, but, nevertheless, provokes a disgusted reaction. The cross-contamination of blood is universally considered tainted and unnatural. 20 The circumstances surrounding Oedipus and Costars pith could be the fear provoking element. The magnitude of the tragic universe created requires he reader to question whether or not Oedipus would really have killed a outlander over right of way, if the riddle of the Sphinx was honestly that difficult- which allowed his passage to Thebes, or if the drunken mans accusation of bastard were mere coincidence. The enormity of the irony suggests some foul play on the part of the Gods.

Growing Up on Fast Food Essay

Most Americans have eaten at a drive-in restaurant, diner and/or disruptive- regimen for thought restaurant in their lives. Customers frequent these establishments for its devisal and affordability. Part of the fast-food lure is to satisfy the body an opposite part is a family sitting down and enjoying a meal together.Mevery mint back in the fifties and 1960s did not understand food safety and its dangers. feed was cooked in butter or lard alternatively of Trans oils, veget qualified oil or margarine that are used today. nutrients in the past were loaded with fat and cholesterol, which made consumers early candidates for cardiovascular diseases, stroke and other health issues. Food may have tasted delicious, but that came with a heavy price.Consumers of today are more than educated concerning the risks and rewards of consume push through and how food is prepared. They still face similar obstacles as their parents and grandparents did generations ago. How is the food made? What ingredients are used in making the selected dish? Is the place where the food is grown/processed/made reputable? Any of the same questions that are answered in the negative should be cause for concern.Recent examples in the U.S. include the peanut recall. In that case, the product was tainted at the manu featureuring plant. The items were put out for mass consumption, and that decision lead to many people getting sick and others dying. The Peanut Corporation of America (PCA) voluntarily recalled peanuts that were manufactured in either gallium or Texas for fear that consumers would be exposed to Salmonella poisoning. (FDA, p.1)Although the outbreak did not affect jars or peanut butter commonly found in supermarkets, the tainted tack on went to institutions and other establishments. (MSNBC,Fast Food 2p.1) This meant restaurants could have received the contaminated peanut butter. Where hundred of people were injured and a half-dozen people died from Salmonella poisoning, this could have been however more tragic if not for the recall. (1)The news becomes important since many restaurants offer peanut and jelly sandwiches on their kids menu. It is a comfort food for many peoplefor the young and young-at-heart. (Phantom Gourmet, 2009) Having that option taken away would have been tough for restaurant owners who would have removed that item off its menu and the patrons who would have governed the sandwich. (Phantom Gourmet, 2009)This is where the fast food effort can either be a friend or foe. They offer many choices for breakfast, lunch and dinner. Items range from bacon and eggs in the morning to prime rib in the evening. Many places like diners are open 24 hours, so people can get what they are craving any time. Being able to order what customers want when they want entices people to eat out.Another reason people go out to eat is the restaurants atmosphere. Certainly a fast-food facility such as McDonalds will have a different motif than a diner, whi ch will have a more distinctive ambiance than a mom-and-pop restaurant. The Golden Arches typically serves hamburgers, fast sandwiches with French fries and soft drinks. Kids are usually seen playing in a designated area. Not a place for people without kids who want to sit down to a quiet meal.The fuss comes as much of the food is either fatso to begin with or comes with condiments that are also spicy in fat, calories and other things that can expand a waistline or harden an artery. Fast food companies are adapting to the way Americans eat by offering salads, parfaits and other healthier choices. McDonalds has spent billions of dollars in advertising these menu changes (McDonalds Corporate, p.1)Fast Food 3Diners have been around this country for decades. Most people have one either in or near their town. These establishments offer pricey food and reasonable prices. That is often not the primary reason patrons flock to the diner, however. The restaurant gear up up is the main at traction. Some places have rally nights featuring vintage cars and motorcycles from the 1950s and 1960s.Other places house 50s-era memorabilia with photos of Singer/Actor Elvis Presley, Actress Marilyn Monroe, Actor James Dean and advertisements for Coke products that were very inexpensive in those days. Try getting a bottle of coke for a nickel todayit will not happen because of the cost of making the item and most companies use plastic instead of glass. There is less of a safety risk involved with plastic and it is cheaper to produce.Then there is the modern convenience of take-out or drive through. Being able to take home a bag from a fast-food place is certainly convenient and one does not mean unloading the family of the car. A menu is set up outside where people can give their orders, drive up to the window, pay the server, get their food and drive off to their next destination.Sounds easy in that the food still comes out fast (and correctly, one hopes), but what the experien ce lacks is people enjoying the food. Sure, the family sits in the car eating their hamburgers and French fries, but at the cost of getting the car dirty, having to throw out the garbage later and being cramped in a car seat without the benefits of stretching or utilise the restroom if needed.That type of convenience may be too much for some people. There is no wrong answer to how people dine. Time, the order itself, and other circumstances dictate if and when a person of family sits inside the restaurant, takes it out, or drives through. The bottom line for the restaurants is making sure the food is properly served to its customers so they return.Fast Food 4This paper also hopes to debunk the myths surrounding fast food, how people who grew up eating at such places have adapted with the times, and how the restaurant industry has attempted to enlighten its customers about the choices they have.Iconic restaurants such as McDonalds and Kentucky hot up Chicken (A.K.A. KFC) had a form ula for encouraging return visitors. Offer customers good food at reasonable prices and they may come back again and bring friends. Both franchises have been going strong for more than five decades because their doctrine has not changed much during that time.Healthy Does Not Bad TastingOne problem fast food companies had to address is the quality of the ingredients used to make their post dishes. Is the meat for the burgers made at McDonalds or Burger King the best quality they can find? Are the chickens raised for use at Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) fed a solid diet of nutrients?Those questions and answers matter to a point. Everyone will demonstrate the excellence of their products to show they care about their customers. If they fail, then actions such as recalls (for peanuts as previously mentioned) happen. This puts the industry under negative light and those working within the industry must work harder to regain the customers trust. Restaurants that did not have any trouble w ith the recalled product will be challenged to make their products better or fall behind in the marketplace.McDonalds has been proactive over the past three decades in educating consumers about their foods and service (McDonalds, p.1). They began printing up nutrition information for their customers to read if they wish. They might not like the fact a Big Mac sandwich has 50 percent of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of saturated fat. (1)Fast Food 5Or, a McRib sandwich has 48 percent of the RDA of saturated fat. (1) Clearly, these are not choices for people looking to either lose weight or remain personally fit. Their nutritional information may be found either by accessing the company website at www.mcdonalds.com or stopping in any one of their restaurants and picking up a brochure. have at McDonaldsor any fast food placefor a prolonged period of time can have detrimental consequences. Morgan Spurlock wrote and say a 2004 film about the fast-food industry, Supersize Me The plot was simple Spurlock would eat nothing but the contents of the McDonalds menu for 30 consecutive days. He had to order everything off the menu at least once and had to supersize his order if asked. He would also refrain from exercising during the one-month period. (Spurlock, p.1)His point was to demonstrate the hazardous effects of eating out at fast food restaurants. Watching the film makes people cringe as he begins to gain too much weight, lose nix in wanting to do any real activities. Because of his McDonalds diet and his lack of exercise, Spurlock not only gained a whopping 24 pounds in 30 days, consumed a pound of sugar a day on average and his cholesterol rose an unbelievable 65 points from when this experiment started. (Spurlock Quotes, p.1)Besides the obvious physical ailments that befell Spurlock during his thirty days, there were also the psychological aspects. He said during the movieI nearly doubled my risk of coronary heart disease, making myself in two ways as l ikely to have heart failure. I felt depressed and exhausted most of the time, my mood swung on a dime and my sex sustenance was non existent. I craved this food more and more when I ate it, and got massive headaches when I didnt. In my finalThe movie was nominated for an Academy represent had had quite the reaction from moviegoers. Although McDonalds officials denied the moved at the time, they scrapped the supersize option several weeks after the movie was released. (Wikipedia, p.1) They also offered its customers healthier alternatives such as salads. Spurlock said those choices contained more sugar than a bag of cookies. (1)Spurlock accomplished what he set out to do find the causes of overweight people in the US and the bigger problem of obesity in this country. McDonalds and the rest of the fast-food industry had to take note that their foods, if taken as much as Spurlock had, would have devastating effects on peoples health and well being. Nobody suggested that families eat every meal at restaurants. That logic would be expensive as well and ingrowing and would not make much sense.His body changed for the worse after his 30-day McDonalds binge. It took five months for Spurlock to lose the weight he gained during that period (Spurlock Quotes, p.1). He suffered from liver damage, high blood pressure and other damaging ailments while performing this experiment. Moderation for anything is the best course of action when attempting to so something. That McDonalds food was not effectual struck a chord, that Spurlock damaged his body making a point struck an even louder chord.

Cindy Sherman and Representation

Untitled Film Stills by cindy Sher homosexual presents the ideas about the female identity Sherman is after. On each of the images, Sherman photographs herself as a cliche of this identity as if she were an actress in a B-movie ,as the product of domesticity, the object of sexual desire exc. Critic Arthur Danto points out that none of Shermans images is of herself. They are of The Girl, for whom Cindy Sherman posed.The Girl appears in every photograph, and though she is familiar in each (because the model is Sherman), she is never expressing the same idea as The Girl. She is being-there and she is non there at the same time, like a performer, and all the while she is able to convey these figurative portraits of femininity. Modeling in several roles, she reveals gender as an unstable and constructed position, which suggests that there is no innate biological female identity. On the contrary, women adopt several roles and identities depending on their circumstances.Perhaps sherman is making a gender statement through and through critiquing women in representation. This is however questionable as she is willingly engaging in the subject she is critiquing. According to Mulvey the women is made into an object of male gaze. Thus making the man the spectator and the woman the spectacle. The man looks at the woman, and the woman is being looked at. This contributes and supports the stereotypical idea that men are to activity as woman are to passivity.Her extend also encourages self-reflection in the spectator. As Sherman argues. Sherman encourages viewers to create their own narratives when looking at her work. Perhaps by doing so, we become conscious participators in the story, or in the society that created these stereotypes in the first place. Depending on the narrative we create, her photographs could possibly help us to question our own ideas about gender and how it is represented in photography.

American Revolution- Revolution or Civil War? Essay

There is a lot of debate and disagreement on whether the American Revolution was an actual revolution, but instead a civil contend. A revolution implies that there was a total change in government and rule of a country, and a civil war is a war that occurs in a country amongst groups of bulk from the country. There may have been a vast amount of tension between the colonies and the British, but the occurrences during the American Revolution had little to do with the changing of the government. There were many things that the colonies were expected to do and pay for.These were called colonial grievances. The colonies were expected to pay a lot of money for tea, sugar and stamps. The money would go to the British. The ara they were allowed to live and stay in was also very restricted as they were not allowed or able to move westwards. This is because the British wanted to control the colonies and this is easier to do if the people are restrained to a smaller area. The colonies als o had no one voice their opinions and needs in the British Parliament, so all the decisions concerning the colonies were made by the British. The soldiers had power over, and controlled the colonies.The colonies began to feel anger towards the British because of their lack of rights, freedom and say in the way they were governed. Resentment grew and these made the colonies more aware and open to the idea for fighting against the British. The colonies wanted to be able to govern and rule themselves. The tension in the colonies was not enough to cause a revolution, but rather a civil war. The Boston Tea Party was when the Americans dressed up as mohawk Indians and threw all the English tea into the harbour.They dressed up as Indians to symbolise how they were more American than British, and as a disguise. The throwing of the tea into the sea symbolised how they were not voluntary to pay taxes and were not willing to be ruled and overpowered by the British. The Americans were fightin g against the British because of the tension that the colonial grievances had caused. The tension would affect any group of people and therefore, it makes it a civil war rather than revolution. As the tension grew, the colonies got tired of trying to fight the government with come out any change occurring.The colonies the thought that by utilize armed conflict, they would be able to get their point across better. They used Lexington to secretly store weapons until they would have enough to stand against the British. The British found out about the storehouse at Lexington and began to march to Lexington so that they could end the gathering of weapons because the British didnt want the Americans to rise up against them.The colonies were not aware of the British moving towards Lexington, so Paul Revere rode through the night on horseback to warn the colonies. The face-off between the colonies and the British increased the already profound tension, and made the Americans want to gover n themselves even more than before. The Boston Massacre was a real depiction of how much tension had been building up amongst the colonies and the British. A guard was standing outside the Customs House and the colonies began throwing snowballs at him. The colonies then started throwing rocks at the guard, rather than snowballs. The British guard then called for backup and more British soldiers arrived at the customs house. The guards then opened fire on the colonists and killed 5 people.After all the events had occurred, people from the colonies joined up and drafted the contract of Independence. This document stated how they wanted to be a free country and be able to govern themselves. The declaration of Independence states that all men are created equal, but all women were not given the right to vote, and neither could slaves. Only men who owned land had the right to vote. This shows that they war the Americas were governed did not totally change, wherefore it is not a revolutio n, but rather a civil war. So even though there is a lot of debate and disagreement on whether the American Revolution was a revolution or a civil war, there are many points that show that it is not a revolution, but a civil war.

History through Oral Interviews Essay

When it comes to stories about the sixties, we have one family friend that we rely on. Uncle Jim, or barely Jim to my parents, is a guy with a lot of stories about the past. The topic I asked him to share was about the growth of feminist movement in the country. According to him, women were treated genuinely differently back then. Very few women were employed, doing the same job that of a man, with most of the females confined in their houses doing household chores. He shared that the growth of feminism at that time came as a shock to most of the people back then.Women started wanting to get recognized, demanding equal opportunities as men. If we look at it in todays perspective, it would be right for women to demand equal treatment, but back then, it was really different. He mentioned that it was quite awkward working with them, but as more and more women started doing mens work, the people got used to it. This personal experience account somehow differs from the textbooks treat ment. First of all, it is personal, wherein we have to regard the point of view of Uncle Jim, and that his story may have biases.The textbook offers a more general view of the topic, while the personal account focused more on a specific aspect, and that is about the effect of growing feminism in the workplace. Oral histories give a more colorful angle in the story, like how the men felt awkward working with women in some jobs back then. Also, oral histories are more interesting, though may not be that much informative as compared to textbooks. Again, its because of the perspective of person being considered in conveying events and other information.

Eastern State Penitentiary Reflection Paper Essay

eastern State Penitentiary is mootd to be champion of the very first prisons established, non only in the United States, provided in the world. east State was functional for 141 years until 1970 when the prison closed down. Located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the prison is instanter a stabilized ruin open to the public for tours. After personally touring the facility I was commensurate to understand the main purpose of the prison, the living conditions and the daily routines of an Eastern State Penitentiary yardbird, and attempted beats which is why prisons like Eastern State should not be use in our modern Criminal referee System.It was designed for strict solitary confinement and had little to no rehabilitation programs. The prison was and still is not temperature controlled. The inmates suffered extreme summers and harsh winters while staying at Eastern State. Their rooms were quite small and only had a bed, some sort of dresser, and a toilet. The condition of the cel ls, with the exception of Al-Capones cell which was much larger and to a greater extent comfortable than the rest of the cells, suggest that the designers of the prison wanted the inmates stay at Eastern State to be unpleasant.This prison was built for the sole purpose of punishment. For example, Elmo Smith was the 350th person to be executed by the electrical chair in the United States on April 2, 1962. He was also the last person to be killed apply the electric chair in Pennsylvania. Although the inmates were required to work within the prison walls they did not receive unearthly service with the problems that landed them in Eastern State in the first place, much(prenominal) as alcohol and do drugs abuse. Therefore the type of punishment that was seen at Eastern State did not maximize the welf atomic number 18 of individuals because inmates were not rehabilitated.As stated earlier, the inmates worked in the kitchen, infirmary, workshops, and barbershops. In the twentieth cent ury you could see an inmate barbershop in roughly every cell block. The barbershops became a place of socialization by the inmates and often the fortresss would go in for a free cut. When I learned this I was shocked that the guards allowed the inmates to have sharp tools that had the potential of being use as weapons. In fact, one story weheard on our audio tour was of a guard who said an inmate pressed his tool to the guards neck and threatened to take his life. The inmate was joking and the officer was left-hand(a) un victimizeed but inmates were known to create weapons that were used for protection and a way of threating other inmates.These weapons were called shanks or shivs and prison guards discovered a majority of them before any harm could occur. Unfortunately there were stories of inmates killing each other such as Joseph Havel who stabbed his fellow cellmate to death in the middle of the night. Another important component in the life of Eastern State Penitentiary inmat es was the fortune to practice in religious activities. Upon entry, every inmate was given a Bible in hopes of one day they would receive salvation. Also, in the beginning of the prisons life there were weekly religious services in every ward that the inmates had the chance to listen to from their cells. In later years, Christians had the opportunity to reverence in the chapel during Sundays while Jews had the opportunity to worship in the synagogue. Religious granting immunity was the only freedom that the inmates received. They were strictly monitored and had to wake, eat, work, and sleep when the guards told them too. Although the guards did their best to keep an eye on every inmate, the system employed at Eastern State was flawed.Eastern State Penitentiary was designed for strict solitary confinement but that system failed and the population of inmates increased dramatically leaving the guards out formed. They tried to maintain surveillance and control of the institution. ch ampion way they monitored the inmates was using forming the cellblocks into a pentagon and having a watch tower in the middle. This design was flawed because it was impractical for the guard in the watch tower to see every cell and every part of the cells. prison guards at Eastern State hated working in the watch tower, a position left for new recruits, because they felt more restricted than the inmates. They could not listen to music or read, had little valet de chambre contact, and had to call their commanding officer every fifteen minutes to check in.Prison officials liked to believe that these methods of surveillance worked but there were numerous riots and attempted escapes by the inmates. The largest riot was on January 8, 1961 in cellblock nine when two inmates over powered an office and then they proceeded to opening other cells. They tried to apparel their criminalrecords on fire. Another example was William Francis Sutton who attempted to escape five times. Lastly, the re was the great escape from cellblock seven, cell 68. Clarence Klinedinst had a reputation as a good worker which he used to be transfer to cellblock seven where he started using the tools from work to build a tunnel. Riots and escapes such as these lead to the closing of Eastern State Penitentiary in 1970. Prisons such as Eastern state should not be used today because, according to the utilitarian theory of justice, the ends do not justify the means. A lot of money is put into them when all they do is hold inmates for a number of years and then they are released into the community. With no form of rehabilitation the released inmates revert back to crime and are reincarcerated. The cycle is never ending and prisons become overpopulated and prone to riots as was Eastern State Penitentiary.

Amerindians of the Caribbean

Content push throughcome 2 Introduction . 2 History 3 Appearance 3-4 Entertainment 5 Ho apply 5-6 natural selection (farming and hunting)6-8 Religion. References9 Topic The Arawak of Guyana, their cultures, land use patterns and their effect on the landscape and biota. Introduction The Arawaks atomic number 18 thought to clear settled at Hosororo creek on the Aruka River well-nigh 3,500 years agone. They readyed manioc (manihot esculenta) which they baked into bread on ceramic griddles on the hilltops. Arawaks occupied the Corentyne River also around 2,000 years ago leaving a unique type of rock engraving, c each(prenominal)ed Timehri Petroglyphs.Due to the amount of rich protein supply found on the coastal swamps, the Arawaks moved hundreds of tons of earth with wooden shovels, in order to build habitation mounds and increase fields for farming. According to Denis Williams this settlement str consumegy has sustained human population on coastal swamps during the European era and into the present. During the rainy season the Arawaks hunted a lot, when animals were said to migrate from lowlands in search of racy ground. Animals commonly hunted were the deer, tapir, labba, wild hog, agouti, birds, parrots and turtles.They were know as food arrestrs, also they are also known for their pottery making skills as they were the first people to bring pottery to Guyana. The Arawaks have make neat contributions to Guyana culture, today many a(prenominal) places are named by the Arawaks, most of our rivers and creeks are named by the Arawaks. The Arawak nation is deemed the most good of the Amerindian nations. Fig. 1 Map of Guyana showing the location of the Arawaks History The Amerindians is said to be the first inhabitants to Guyana who entered the territory virtually 11,000 years ago.Amerindians initially lived on low, swampy coastland regions. The coastal plain was built up by alluvial deposits from the rising Atlantic Ocean ranging from 17,000 to 6000 years ago. The Arawak nation is said to be the second nation to hail in Guyana after the Warraus who came sooner approximately 84000 years ago. It is said that a number of Arawak tribes have been dead for several hundreds of years. What could have happened that would bring a population that once numbered 2 to 3 million have to just a few thousand by the early part of the sixteenth century? passim history the Arawak were subject to many hostile take-overs, diseases, enslavement, damage to food supplies and much more. Inevitably, by the end of the 16th century the Island Arawak had become extinct. Sadly, the Arawak Indians have been eliminated or greatly reduced in number in many areas, nearly of which include the Caribbean, Guadeloupe, West Indies, Barbados, and the Virgin Islands. Their numbers have been slowly rising, so that today upwardly of 30, 000 Arawak currently reside in Guyana, with a very small number existing in Suriname and French Guiana. AppearanceBecause of the blanket(a) distribution of the Arawaks, little uniformity discount be found in their culture or racial type. It has been found though that the language they speak distinguish them from the rest of the world. The Arawaks were well shaped, slightly built and medium height. It appeared that they were physically weak in comparison with the Africans and Europeans. Their skin was olive which mean smooth and brown. The Arawaks were considered course good- looking but distorted their features by artificial means. As babies their forelands were two-dimensionaltened at the forehead, this elongated head was considered a mark of beauty.This is thought to have been done to thicken the skull thus it could withstand heavy blows. The Arawaks had broad nose and their nostrils probably flared wide. Their hair was straight and black but coarse and was usually pinched long. attend 2 showing an Arawak family The Arawak men painted their bodies with bright colored dyes with clay and fat mixed all over smearing patterns all over their bodies some of them with black, others white and others red, most of them on their bodies and some on their faces, and eyeball or only the nose.The preferred paint was Roucou a red dye, besides being colorful, the clay and grease kept insects and rain off. The Arawaks also had body piercings and wore ornaments made from clay, shell and cotton. A plate of capital and copper alloy called the guanin was worn by chiefs who also dressed in gold crowns and feather headdresses. sometimes the Arawaks had gold in their noses as plugs or hanging ornaments. The Arawaks saw gold as nothing more than a form of decoration. The women wore elemental bead aprons and necklaces. A number of small amulets (Fig. ) or charms were carried in sacks around the neck, foot and wrist. Others made from cotton shell and clay were woven into hair. Figure 3 showing amulets worn or carried by the Arawaks Entertainment The Arawaks had ample leisure time and many festivals marked by the Arawak year, some religious and some not so. For example the naming of a baby was time to rejoicing of the Arawaks that a child without a name will meet with great misfortune. The wedding of a cacique and the origin of a raw cacique were times of festivity.Arawaks are fond of sports, although not competitive like us. The favorite sport called batos was a ball game with the cross mingled with volleyball and football. The game was played with a hard rubber ball. The briny aim of the game was to take place the ball in the air using only the thighs and never touching the hands or feet. The most well-known of the Arawaks pleasure was that of smoking. The Arawaks called the tobacco plant cohiba and the pipe for smoking the leaves, tabaco. The Arawaks liked tobacco for peace and contentment, and for helping them to meditate.They made cigars and smoked it in a pipe which they enjoyed very much. Fig. 4 showing Arawak harvesting and smoking tobacco Housing All the Arawaks n ecessitate were a shelter to keep off rain. Arawak houses were rectangular with steep thatched roofs. The larger ones had a covered porch before the door. The construction of these houses is rather simple. Wooden posts were put into the ground in a circle and canes were woven between them and tied with creepers. The roof was thatched in a conical shape and a hole was left over(p) at the top to allow smoke to escape.There were no windows and only an opening was left for a door and the houses were soundly built and could withstand hurricanes. The tasks of building houses were done by the men. Fig. 5 showing the house of an Arawak Survival (farming and hunting) The Arawaks were subsistence farmers, increase food mainly for their own needs and with a little left over for trade. Some crops are shown in fig. . They cut down trees to make room for planting and used the slash-and-burn method of farming. This is a simple method where the land was burnt to clear it of weeds and bush.The as h produced was mixed with fish and urine to produce fertilizer to help prolong the productiveness of the land. Crops were then deep-rooted in the ashes among the blackened tree stumps. These ancient farmers did not practice crop rotation, after about five to ten years, the soil would become exhausted, and the resolution would proceed to clear fresh land, however, slash and burn is no longer used. Instead, shifting cultivation is their new form of farming. Women did the planting and were responsible for the preparation of food.The crop cassava (also known manioc), slips were cut from the stem and planted in mounds on the level earth. Cassava was planted twice a year when the soil was damp. The Arawaks ate a variety of other fruits and vegetables including pineapples, star apples, guavas and cashews. The Arawaks did not touch mammy apples as they believed that it was food for the dead. Arawaks did not rely on field crops for all their food. Due to living on the coast oceans and riv ers were rich in foods which needed little effort to gather shellfish, turtle eggs, snails and gull.Huge piles of shells have been found among the remains of camp sites. Arawaks trapped many small animals including bots, lizards, snakes, iguanas and agouties. The only domestic animal known to Arawaks was a small dog. Fig. 6 Showing some crops grown by Arawak As mentioned, the women were also responsible for all food preparations. The main food of the Arawaks was cassava, which required special preparation since it was poisonous in its natural state. First, the root was grated on a board covered small pebbles or rough coral until it formed a paste. Fig. 4 is an property of this tool.This was put into a wicker tube, one end of which was hung from a branch, while a weight was prone to the other end. This caused the tube to contract, and forced the poisonous liquid out through the wicker. The remaining paste was left to dry and then pounded into flour using a stone mortar and pestle. The flour was formed into flat cakes and baked on a clay griddle until they were hard and dry. In this way, the cassava flour could keep from an extended period of time. Fig. 7 showing an Arawak grind stone Seasoning played a massive part in food preparation. Salt and especially pepper were the common seasonings used.In addition, a sauce called cassareep, which was made of cassava juice, salt and pepper was frequently used, especially when serving the Arawaks simplest dish, pepperpot. Note that both cassareep and pepperpot are widely used throughout Guyana today. Pepperpot was prepared in a large clay pot. Cassava juice, with the poison extracted of course, beans, peanuts, white potato vine and some meat were all allowed to simmer. This pot of soup was used to feed a family about iii times a day and as the pot is emptied, more ingredients are added so that one can have pepperpot at any time of the day or night.The Arawaks could also make intoxicating drinks out of cassava and m aize such as piwari and cassiri, but drunkenness was uncommon except on some ceremonial occasions. However, smoking tobacco was a big part of the Arawak culture. Religion The Arawaks religious believe was called animism and was base on a spirit world, this practice aimed at honoring the spirit god. However Hillhouse claimed that the Arawaks worshipped the linguistic universal creator, a supreme being who they called Aluberi. They also believed that the sky was the source of all things advocateful and good.Certain men in society were single out to explain the mysterious and control the spirit world. They were called shamans or piaimen and were said to have supernatural powers. Arawaks believe that disease was nothing but the presence of black spirit. These medicine men had the power possessed to drive out disease. The piaimen were versed in the knowledge of herbs to treat disease. Connected with the belief in evil spirits also was the Kanaima. The Kanaima would track down its vic tims for years for the sake of revenge.He was thought to be an evil spirit in the form of a man. References Some notes on the Amerindians of Guyana Then and Now. Compiled by Shebana Daniel Uncle Basil An Arawak Biography. By Justin Greene- Roesel The Prehistoric Arawak of Guyana. By Jennifer Wishart, Walter Roth Museum The Amerindians and the Europeans. By M. N. Menezes http//www. google. ca/imgres? q=Arawaks+of+Guyana//html accessed December 10, 2012 http//www. google. gy/imgres? q=arawak+smoking+tobaccocigarettes. org/history. html accessed December 10, 2012

The Role of Perception in Corporate Decision Making

Here is an business scenario wherein two senior executives ar observing an employee who is a potential potdidate for promotion At certain(prenominal) times, they both see the said employee just sitting on his chair, lounging, even minutes before the send past of spatial relation hours. Often chancing upon the employee during his idle time, Senior Executive A may see this as slothfulness on the employees part. Senior Executive B views the situation, having kept track of prompt and quality reports make by the employee, as the employee being a fast worker who gets the job easily make and right, non as somebody who is just loafing around.This is the fundamental nature of scholarship. Senior Executive B axiom the employees circumstances in another approach from that of Senior Executive As. Even though they both examined the same situation, each one had a different view on it. The outcome of this card shall depend upon how the executives had perceived the candidates performan ce. This is an illustration of how perception plays a part in fashioning decisions on a work setting. The employees likelihood of getting promoted relies on others diverse insights. erudition scholarship has a role when it comes to decision making on many business situations. It can impact an physical compositions demeanour. Also depending on every persons background, traits, knowledge, and many other factors, perception can in any case shape ethical or moral decisions.DefinitionWhat is perception? Perception is the process we subprogram to make sense out of our environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from the environment (Daft, 1997, p. 786).People contain varied outlooks on a particular situation in his/her own way. Perception depends not lonesome(prenominal) on the physical stimuli but also on the stimulis relation to the surrounding field and on conditions within the individual. The key word in the definition of perception is individual (Kotler, 2000, p.173).Impact on organisational BehaviorBecause of the different perceptions each individual has on a working atmosphere, it is a necessity for film directors to call for a profound knowledge of anticipating diversity between the different levels within their brass. For example If a manager only sees his/her staff as a means to an end, just a functioning machine in getting the job done, like without incentives or further trainings, etc., with this kind of perception that the employees may get, how would the employees react to it? at that place might be a number of them who would not think of it as an issue because they themselves may also only see their work as a means itself to meeting their own needs, financially mouth of earning a salary. For some, they would like to be recognized and trustn value as employees, being humanely handle and could perceive their employers as insensitive to both their professional growth and personal welfare.In this case, when this type of perception prevails, it could possibly lead to a chain reaction amongst the employees. A possible impact could be that the organisational behavior (employees performance) is not being concerned about their companys productivity since the management itself does not look after their issues.How a person perceives others can greatly or minimally impact an organization either in a negative or positive way because people would act in response to it.Another citable circumstance in an office setting with regards to perception and its impact on behavior is rumors. For instance, there is a new employee who was highlyrecommended by an officer of the company. Some may right away see this as special treatment being given on the said employee. While others truly get facts and can seeexceptional work being done on the new employees part. Yet, with a number of gossip mongers existing on a work environment, they are going to gurgle about misleading details. Now with those who may be un awake of w hat is actually going on, just basing the events on hearsay, they might perhaps bear some resentment on management or even give it a shot themselves on apple polishing.Individual perceptual awareness varies widely. Recognizing the difference between what is perceived and what is real is a key element in diagnosing a situation (Daft, 1997,p. 787).Using perceptive ShortcutsEvery now and hence, several business matters call for immediate decisions. Some may resort to utilise perceptive shortcuts when judging others. Positive effects may include a decision being done without delay and can move on to attend to other business matters at hand. This could result to enlarge in productivity. Negative effects consist of hastiness in judgment. Without memorizeing all the facts and details, one fails to dissipate into account everything that needs to be considered which may be leaving out a factor that could defy brought out a different turn of events.The Real WorldBefore a decision is do in real world organizations, an issue is addressed by gathering necessary data or a proposal is prepared for a project they will undertake. There is an open discussion in order to reach a consensus of opinion (i.e. meeting). Advantages and disadvantages are weighed out (e.g. project to be considered, acquisition of officeequipment). Strengths and weaknesses are pointed out (e.g. hiring of an applicant, promotionamong ranks). A good management first makes a thorough study then arrives at a more solid decision this way than in making overhasty assessments.Ethical/Moral DecisionsHow we see things are based on several factors. Peoples views are different because each one has his/her own distinctive background. What values and beliefs a person has can settle an ethical or moral decision he or she makes. For example A sales geneive role who proposes to a Human Resources indicate the availment of a pension protrude for the companys employees, is also suggesting a share in the commissi on that he would give to the HR Head when he approves the proposal.If the HR Head perception of the agents offer is lucrative to his own pocket and does not see it as harmful to their corporation, viewing the agents approach as a normal sales tactic, then this shapes the moral decision he is about to make. Clearly, this is against business ethics, undisclosed behind-the-scenes negotiations. The employees, who are not aware of what had transpired between the sales agent and their HR Head, would naturally perceive the outlay in pension plan as a benefit for them. Now if it was a different matter all together, with an honest HR Head who believes in hard work to earn a living, may see the sales agent as a dubious character and perhaps would choose not to deal with that agent anymore.Perception in itself does not always lead to an accurate picture of the environment (Daft, 1997, p. 562).ReferencesDaft, R. L. (1997). Management. Pennsylvania The Dryden Press.Kotler, P. (2000). Marketing M anagement. bare-ass Jersey Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Jane Austen’s use of Gothic Traditions in Northanger Abbey Essay

The term gothic was first re wholey used by Italian writers who accredited what they thought was the ugliness of the artistic production and computer architecture of the twelfth to fifteenth centuries. They often related this art and architecture to the northern tribes of German Barbarians k in a flashn as the Goths these were the first to corrupt the style of the grand architecture choke off. They would make towers that were too t every(prenominal), w completelys that were too thick and arches that were too steeply pointed thus destroying the architecture of the generation. By adding such(prenominal) grotesque and dark objects such as gargoyles, the Italian writers observemed as though they were skilful adding insult to injury. They were horrified. besides just as Gothic was at its acme more or less the mid-fourteenth century, it seemed to decline slowly and make its path into a history book, never to be seen again. But by the late eighteenth century, the Gothic revitali sation was back in business, and more popular than ever beforeThe Gothic revival was first started by a man named Horace Walpole (1717-1797), as a reaction against the Classicism of the previous era. Horace was a writer who change his simple home into the most Gothic building of its age. It had pillars, vaults, arches, and a great tower. This signalled the beginning of a sweet cultural era.Walpoles Gothic house was inspired by a dream, which he could moreover tie as I had thought myself in an ancient castle Inspired by his vision, Walpole sat down(p) and produced The castle of Otranto, the worlds first Gothic novel and named hotshot of the most influential novels in the history of English literature. In response to this, in that location were of course m each opposite Gothic novels to be published, among these, was the very popular The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe. Gothic novels between 1790 and 1830 fell within the category of romantic literature, and you could g ive tongue to it was a rebellion against the formality and rigidity of how other kinds of literature were written at that time.Ever since The Castle of Otranto, many Gothic novels have followed the similar pattern the terrifying out of date castle on the cumulation or the misty graveyard. The setting is unceasingly greatly influential in Gothic novels. It non only evokes the atmosphere of offense and trepidation, but it also portrays the dramatic deterioration of what used to be a picturesque piece of architecture. At one time the abbey, castle or mansion was roughlything treasured and appreciated, but now it is just a mere shadow of its former self.As for handed-down Gothic characters, there is always a hero, usually a female, who has no idea of how to deal with the situations put towards her, and you atomic number 18 always fit to see a pattern in their characterisation. There is almost always an isolated protagonist, and their part in the story is mainly summarised n au ricula atriiing the dramatic end of the story. Then, there is the villain, who is the epitome of evil. This character could be anyone you could think of hareb come downed scientist, inn keeper, or baron of the manor house.The Gothic novel could be seen as a explanation of a fallen world and we experience this world through all aspects of the novel plot, setting, characters and theme. In establish for a novel to be Gothic, it must be accurate to Gothic traditions, impecc up to(p) vocabulary, possibly of old chapters in history.But with great novels come great sceptics Jane Austen was non altogether pleased with this new musical style of writing. She did not regard Gothic novels as proper literature. She criticised the shooters of the novels (mainly young teenage girls).Jane Austen went about her earliest criticisms of Gothic novels to little avail people still enjoyed reading them and by 1798, Gothic novels were at their peak in fashion although it was never taken seriously a s literature. Jane Austen knew she had to do something drastic to proclaim her abomination of this new genre so she wrote a parody, Northanger Abbey.Yet the characteristics shown in Chapter 1 do not apprise that Catherine Morland was a Gothic Heroine at all Catherine Morland is the heroine of the book. She is descri rear end as having a thin awkward figure, a sallow skin without colour, dark lank hair, and strong features and that and not less unpropitious for heroism seemed her opinion. Her behaviour was equally inept She was fond of all boys plays, and greatly preferred cricket not merely to dolls, but to the more heroic enjoyments of infancy, nursing a dormouse, feeding a peckary-bird, or watering a rosebush. Jane Austen employs great irony to describe her, satirising her abilities as quite as extraordinary. Austen ends with the chitchat She never could learn or understand anything before she was taught and sometimes not even then, for she was often inattentive, and occasi onally stupid.By Chapter 5, Catherine is taken to Bath by some wealthy godparents for her first experience of naughty society, attending various balls and parties. Catherine meets Isabella Thorpe, an attractive, flirtatious young lady, who introduces her to Gothic novels, such as the Castle of Otranto and Catherine is enchanted by them.But most of the Gothic spots happen during Catherines ring to the Abbey itself. For specimen, in Chapter 21, during the day, Catherine notices a large dresser, stand at one side of the fireplace in her bedroom The sight of it made her start and, forgetting everything else, she stood gazing on it in motionless wonder, while these thoughts crossed her. In classic gothic style, Catherine questions herself An immense heavy titty What could it hold? Why should it be placed here? This is an example of Austens Gothic parodying of the gothic characters and literary style it is, aimed to mock the traditional Gothic heroines who followed this curiosity, usually a feature in all Gothic novels.But it also mocks the way the novels are written. Panting punctuation, excessive exclamation marks and ridiculous hyperbolic adjectives. We see an example of her gothic language when she speaks to herself (concerning the chest) I testament look into it cost me what it may, I will look into it, and directly too-by daylight. We cannot deny that Catherine is somewhat over-doing it with the ridiculous questions What could it hold? Why should it be placed here?.The Chest is described with ridiculous accuracy The lock was silver, though tarnished from age at each end were the imperfect remains of handles also of silver, broken perhaps prematurely by some strange violence and, on the centre of the lid, was a mysterious cipher, in the same metal. This over-descriptive language creates a tense gothic-style passage yet in a way, is too gothic. By doing this, Austen succeeds in making a spoof as it were, of gothic novels written previous to this novel. Catherine decides to investigate, by opening the chest and seized, with trembling hands, the grasp of the lock and she raised the lid a few inches but at that moment a sudden knocking at the door. This is when the maid ships this build-up of tension, and sudden interruption is very anticlimactic, and we see this not only once in Northanger Abbey. When Catherine dismisses the maid, she goes at the chest once more, only to find that it contains fair linen Once again, an mawkishness, which leaves Catherine very surprised (and embarrassed, when Miss Tilney enters shortly afterwards).Later on in this Chapter, Catherine comes to retrieve a Japan Cabinet She took her candle and look closely at the cabinet. It was not absolutely pitch black and gold but it was Japan. Catherine (like any other Gothic heroine) is intrigued by this new discovery, and decides to open it, hoping the circumscribe would be more exciting than them of the chest. Thr sequence of events happen by night, giving t he cabinet an almost mysterious awe about it, which would only add to the tone of the passage. Austen uses words like mysteriously, the wind roared and the rain beat down in torrents against the windows to give the scene an even more gothic-like tone.Catherine finds that however hard she turns the primaeval on the cabinet, however she manages to open it the door suddenly yielded to her hand her heart leaped with exultation at such a victory revealing a series of lesser bolts and doors within the cabinet. Catherines curiosity would not stop there. She decided to delve further into the cabinet of mystery A lot of the text on the page is devoted to the examination of this cabinet. With less alarm and greater eagerness she seized a second, a third, a fourtheach was equally empty this was describing the many smaller drawers within the Japan Cabinet, all with seemingly obvious, predictable outcomes they contained nothing.The tension has become somewhat lost however in one of the other d rawers Catherine finds a parchment her eyes directly fell on a roll of newspaper publisher pushed back into the further part of the cavity. There is an air of tension, as Catherine reaches out to unveil what the disseminated multiple sclerosis beholds. But suddenly (dramatic tension), The dimness of the light her candle emitted made her turn to it with alarm but there was no danger of its sudden extinction the candle was flickering yet she did not think it would go out. However the flame did go out Alas it was snuffed and extinguished in one. Catherine was now subaquatic into complete darkness (very much gothic darkness and candles proper suddenly snuffed out). Austen uses words like horror and trembled to create an atmosphere of terror and uncertainty.As Catherine stood motionless with horror she thought she could hear receding footsteps. This practice session of noises in a perfectly still, quiet and dark atmosphere is used to scare not just Catherine but the reader also. A cold sweat stood on her forehead, the manuscript fell from her hand and she hastily jumped back into bed. This is very anticlimactic, and very inappropriate a gothic heroine to come running back to a place of safety. One would expect a gothic heroine to relight the candle and look at the parchment nevertheless.However, that is not the case in this instance. A sense of tension is still apparent in the text when Catherine can still hear the slow ticking of the clocks in a silent atmosphere this is keep to be unnerving for Catherine. The weather is still apparent, keeping the tone a tense and restless one The storm still raged, and various were the noises, more terrific than the wind, which struck at intervals on her startled ear. Austen also uses Hollow murmurs seemed to creep along the gallery to keep the tension on tenterhooks. However, the sheer fact that Catherine falls asleep destroys the atmosphere and tension completely, as we turn to a completely new chapter.Jane Austens u ses of Gothic traditions are very apparent in this text she describes the room and the Cabinet so vividly. She adds the traditional gothic tone, the pathetic fallacy, the weather, at night, the rain, and the storm, The night was stormy the wind had been rising at intervals the whole great afternoon and by the time the party broke up, it blew and rained violently all Gothic traditions yet Catherine running back to her bed scared left on a gothic cliff hanger of suspense, however when Catherine ran back to her bed it was totally anticlimactic.In the morning (and the opening of Chapter twenty-two), the scene is completely different. Sun is pouring through the windows and birds are singing. Catherine discovers the precious lists are only laundry airmans, To poultice chestnut mare, a farriers bill this is very anticlimactic. But this is why Northanger Abbey is a parody, continually acting against what Gothic novels are based around and may contain.Later in chapter twenty-two, Catherin e is talking to Eleanor about the final stage of her mother, and her fathers relationship with her mother. umpteen of these questions were very rude and personal. As the conversation led on, Catherine drew new conclusions about Mrs Tilneys death that worldwide Tilney had murdered his wife and was hiding her away secretly somewhere in the Abbey. This is another example of Catherines strange and vivid imagination. Was she a very charming woman? Was she braggy? Was there any picture of her in the abbey? And why had she been so partial to that grove? Was it from dejection of spirits?. These were some of the questions Catherine was communicate herself. This is very insensitive, whilst talking on such a delicate matter as a family member.This is unlike a gothic heroine to ask so many questions. The two come onto the subject of a portraiture of Mrs Tilney, and how General Tilney most not have valued her, A portrait, very like, of a departed wife, not valued by her husband and that bec ause of this microcosm, He must have been dread adepty cruel to her. Catherine relates these misunderstanding to those of characters she had read in other gothic novels previous to her visit to the abbey She had often read of such characters characters, which Mr. Allen had been used to beef unnatural and overdrawn . Right now Catherine is mixing fact with fiction, and lets her imagination run wild with vivid ideas of how General Tilney is an evil baron of some sort.Catherine often hears the slightest microcosm, yet turns it into a macrocosm, and lets these new ideas go to her head, and we see this is scarcely the case in Chapter 24. Jane Austens use of questions and thoughts in Catherines head gives us an insight into how the mind of a gothic heroine works, however Catherine has been too taken in by other novels that she actually dreams of becoming a gothic heroine and wants to have a passion for danger (thus the investigations at nightfall in chapter 21 and yearning for answers t o the mystery which never was). Yet her profile (in Chapter 1) tells us otherwise it mentions she is nothing at all like a gothic heroineThis new wild passion for mystery and conspiracy led Catherine to enter Mrs Tilneys room in chapter twenty-four, just when General Tilney was out on a walk The generals early walk, ill-timed as it was in every other view, was favourable here and when she knew him to be out of the house, she directly proposed to Miss Tilney the accomplishment of her promise. Eleanor was ready to oblige her and Catherine reminding her as they went of another promise, their first visit in consequence was to the portrait in her bed-chamber When she ventures in On tiptoe she entered she notices that the room is entirely sane She could not be mistaken as to the room but how grossly mistaken in everything elsein Miss Tilneys meaning, in her own calculation, Catherine expected to enter a room full of mysterious torture instruments and dungeon-like atmosphere.Instead, ther e was normal furniture, paintings and various other decorations She saw a large, well-proportioned apartment, an handsome dimity bed, arranged as unoccupied with an housemaids care, a bright Bath stove, mahogany wardrobes, and neatly painted chairs, on which the warm beams of a western sun gaily poured through two window sash windows yet again we see the over descriptive language which is ever present in the novel. This is an anticlimax and not Gothic because Catherine was expecting something very different.Northanger Abbey is the epitome of Gothic Spoof. Jane Austen succeeds in mocking what Gothic novels are all about, the content and the way the characters act, as well as the young teenage girls who read them. The description of places and objects is amusingly hyperbolic, and excellent as a parody of a gothic novel. It has to be, because the trend of Gothic novels is to have occult descriptions, and Austen is able to utilize the gothic traditions and add to them somewhat ridic ulously Austen makes good use of the characters i.e. Catherine, and you are able to see what they do and what they think. Austen is good at writing in a gothic style she builds up tension and pulls us in, only to let there be an anticlimax and let us down. She makes good use of Ann Radcliffes Mysteries of Uldopho and the way she entwined some of the ideas from that book to this novel.